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Leader (1850-1860), 25th October 1856, Edition 1 of 2, Page 1014, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      common to Russia and Moldavia has dissolved itself , without having accomp lished , that task . j Ismael Pacha , commander of the army of Anatolia , taken prisoner at Kara , lias received ( says a letter from St . Petersburg ) as a special mark of the Emperor Alexander ' s good-will , the Order of the . White Eagle . This is the first distinction wliich a Turk has received since the re-establishment of p « ace . The Journal de Constantinople ofthe 9 th inst . confirms the news of the victory gained by the Circassians near the Laba- The Russians advanced to enforce the

      execution of the treaty in virtue of -which they were to take possession of the country , when Sefer Pasba opposed them with 85 , 000 inen / and after three hours fighting routed them , as already stated . Another affair has since taken place near the Kuban , where the Russians lost five pieces of artillery . The Presse d Orient announces -positively the speedy return to the Bosphorus of a Trench squadron . Contracts had been entered into for supplying them with provisions . The Sultan demands , as one of the conditions of the new bank , a loan of 2 y , 000 , O 0 Of . The Porte intends to disarm the Albanians . The expedition against Montenegro is abandoned . -DENMARK .

      The Ministerial crisis appears to be at an end . All the Ministers , with the exception of M . Bang , remain in office . M . Andrae is named ' President of the Council , and M . Unsgaard Minister of the Interior . M . Krieger is charged with the affairs of the Duchy of Schleswig . During th « late military manoeuvres held at Copenhagen in honour of the Crown Prince of Sweden , several severe accidents occurred , as the Danish and German soldiers fired at each other-with their ramrods . It so happened ^ that one of these cases "was brought under the notice o £ the King , -who commanded in person the Danish division , -whilst the opposite party , consisting of Germans ( Holsteiners and Lauenburgirs ) , were under the order of Prince Christian . The King of Prussia has demanded explanations of the King of Denmark .

      : ¦¦ ' .. . " . ' ; . ; . ¦ .. POLAND . .. : .. . '" ¦¦ ¦ ¦'¦ .. A sad accident , bearing a great resemblance to the catastrophe at the Surrey Gardens , lately happened at Lublin ( Poland ) . It was the first day of the Jewish year , and a great crowd of persons had assembled in the synagogue , an old and . dilapidated building , to celebrate the event . ; During the service , a waslight fell on the ground , and one of the men charged -with the lighting of the place gave an alarm of fire : but it was generally thought that the house was about to fall . The crowd , composed of several thousand persons , made a rush to the doors art ! windows to escape , and in the crush -upwards of fifty -were thrown down and trampled to death . MOSTENEGKO . The new Russian consul at Ragusa has visited the Prince of Montenegro at Cettigne , taking -with him the arrears of the prince ' s pension , which during the war have accumulated to a total of 40 , 000 florins .

      Untitled Article

      STATE OF TRADE . Evidence continues 1 o be received from the manufacturing towns that the trade of the country is upon a basis not to be disturbed by the perturbations - of the money and stock markets . At " Manchester , during the week ending last Saturday , although the transactions have been on a moderate scale , there has been an improved tone , and the home demand is said to be better than for many years past . The Birmingham advices describe no change in the iron-market . The general manufactures of the place are well sustained , and in some particular branches tliere is great activity . At Nottingham , the . tendency has been towards a further ad-vance

      prices , conHequent upon an increasing demand for the United States and also for home consumption . Both in the hosiery and lace trades there is a scarcity of Lands . la the woollen districts thero lias been no variation , and business is carried on with caution , pending the approaching sales in London . The Irish linen-markets are slightly less firm . — Times . The general business of the port of London during the same week has been , active , although the arrivals have been leas numerous . The number of vessels reported inward was 195 ; being 93 less than m the previous week .

      These included four cargoes of sugar , three of ten , seven of fruit , and a largo number of grain and flour . The number of vessels cleared outward was 116 , showing a decrease of 7 ; those clearing in ballast amounting to 17 . The number of ships on the berth loading for tlie Australian colonies is 62 , being 10 less than tho last account . Of those now loading 4 arc for Adelaide , 1 for Auckland , 4 for Gcelong , 3 for Hobart Town , 5 for Launceston , 1 for Melbourne , 2 for Moreton Bay , 7 for New Zealand , 8 for Port Phillip , 1 for Portland Bay , 1 for Fort Fairy , 12 for Sydney , 2 for Swan River ; and lfor Warrnambool Idem . in

      paid by so insured depending upon the amount of losses sustained by the offices in which they arc insured . The calls made , by the insurance-offices are known as ' averages , ' and , of course , are paid out of the freight earned by the vessel , but in some years tho losses are so severe , and the earnings of the vessels so small , ' that the balances of them have to be advanced out of capital , which , however , may be considered a very exceptional occurrence . Those ' averages ' have always been considered by the shipowners as proper deductions to be made from the earnings of their vessels , and , as far as we cun learn , have been allowed by the commissioners as such , 'but this year they have refused , to do so , and have charged all the ' averaged' to

      ncome to be taxed . As some owners of vessels in the Tyne have 60 , 00 o £ worth of property afloat , and pay during the course of the year ' in all probability five per cent , insurance upon them , this decision of the commissioners will cause a considerable loss to them , and , so far as it goes , is a discouragement'to small owners in' protecting themselves and creditors from the dangers of the ocean . " The petition , made by four of the Directors of the Royal British Bank ,, for annulling the adjudication -of bankruptcy upon certain technical grounds , was on Wednesday dismissed by Mr . Commissioner . Ilulrpyd , the directors not having fulfilled those conditions for the entire satisfaction of the claims of the creditors , nor taken those other legal steps necessary to set aside the adjudication .

      o « w « » ^ the daily P P ° rs that " a considerable ™* of discussion has ariaen among tho Shield * ship-? r ^^ t " gard to , tliei »«^ od adopted by tholncomoifaU nf ? W ^ Ioner 8 ' who h ave been sitting in the TownsW olrnLrV T * UWasBeBBablo value of their woneZ iaX « i ? th < J aortU -e ** t P ^ ta the slapping property u insured in . mutual ineuraace-oflice or clubs

      Untitled Article

      DISCHARGED PRISONERS . A great meeting was held at Birmingham on the evening of Iriday week , in support of the Discharged Prisoners ' Aid Society . The object of the institution i 3 thus set forth in the report of the society : — - "To aid prisoners on tlieir discharge from , gaol , by procuring lodgings for such of them as may be selected by the Committee of Recommendation , * furnishing temporary maintenance , in ease of need , to individuals seeking employment , assisting them in obtaining work or in returning to their koines , and subsequentl y exercising , .-a friendly superintendence over them . "

      The Recorder of Birmingham ( Mr . M . D . Hill ) first addressed the meetings and observed that a vast proportion of convicted criminals fall back into guilty courses almost directly after leaving prison . " How many thus fall back , I cannot tell you . It has been ascertained by careful observation that at least thirty-three per ceu t . of those who have been convicted come again to the criminal bar ; but , although we know that thirty-three per cent , come aguin , yet when we recollect that there are many who conceal the fact of previous conviction , and who when they go to places where they are unknown are hot discovered , we may well believe that probabilities p ' o . in t to a still more lamentable proportion . ( Ifear , hear . ' ) Well , then , what is to be done ? 1 do not wonder that tho masters of the manufactories of this town express their astonishment that no such society as the one I how stand forth to advocate lias been before founded in

      Birnssist the convict on his release from prison , and more especially to meet him at the very gate of the gaol , and save him from the abandoned characters who notoriously lie in wait for him there with a view to seducing bain once more into vice . The Recorder of London followed in the same strain observing :- — " How many of th ' csxj' poor creatures havo no homes , or , if they have any , have bad relations wlo corrupt them ! At one of the largest establishment s near London—I mean the Brixtori House of Correction —the officers stated that they could manage well enough those who have no friends ( by friends he meant relatives ) , but that those who had any , and were visited by them , were constantly corrupted . " After a speech from Sir John Pakington , in support of the same views , the proceedings of the evening wero brought to a close . ¦ * -..- °

      1 'he sore trials of ticket-of-leavc men were illustrated on Tuesday before the Birmingham Recorder , by some remarks of Owen Owens , a man brought up for judgment ou a charge of picking pockets , lie said : — "I was sentenced in April , 1853 , to seven years' transportation . I was first taken to the Borough Gaol at Leicester where I was detained eleven months . I \ x&s then sent to the Defence hulk , \ Voolwieh , -where I was kept for two years anil one mouth . Then I received a ticket of leave , and was sent back to Birmingham . I found my father a cripple , and tumble to support me ; but I felt

      determined and rcsolveii to load a new life , and see k for employment .: This I succeeded in doing , but I had onlv been * at work a day wheii it became known that I was a tick et-of-leave man , and I was discharged immediately . Afterwards , I procured work in two oilier places , but directly it was "discovered-1 was a ticket-of-leave man I was discharged from my employment . What could I do then ? I could not starve , and so I was compelled to steal to- "get my living . I hope your Honour will take these circumstances into consideration , and Lave mercy upon me . " The Recorder , i : i passing sentence ; said : — - "Owen Owens , vuu have committed manifold

      crimes ; but , as you are what the law . considers a great offender , you can be permitted to work yourself out of gaol by good conduct , a privilege the Legislature does not concede to the minor offender : If I were to sentence you to penal servitude , you would not be allowed this privilege ; therefore in mercy I sentence you to be transported for fourteen years . " In connexion with the subject of tickets of leave , Mr . Hill on Monday made some observations to the grand jury assembled at the commencement of the Birminghani Quarter Sessions :. He remarked : ' — " Gentlemen , it was to the confusion between convicts discharged on tickets of leave , the period of whose sentences had not terminated , and convicts who had been free « bsolutely , or , if liberated with tickets of leave , had been out ot

      prison so long that their sentences had expired , —it was the confounding-, I say , of these descriptions of convicts , and considering them as ticket-of-leave . men , which produced what I may freely call tlu panic of the last winter , throwing the good people of this country into a state of mind which placed in extreme danger the permanence of a measure having most assuredly the soundest foundation , whatever defects might weaken its superstructure . Our advance towards the rational treatment of criminals , h 6 wever , has happily been secured , and a peril has been averted , the magnitude of which we enn scarcely over-estimate . Nevertheless , it cannot be denied that the public had very reasonable grounds for complaint and misgivings . The responsibility of , the convict discharged on ticket of lejive has boon in practice little better than nominal . The rule was to send

      him to the town or district hi which his oll ' euce had been committed , but no intimation of his return was conveyed to the police , and consequently they had no means of ascertaining whether he had come out of prison on a ticket of leave ,-or whether he had received an unconditional discharge . In the latter event , ' he was subject to no control until he committed a fresh offence . Iu the former , his ticket was liable to roeal at tho direction of the Secretary of State . " lie concluded by advocating reformatory movements , whieli he thought can only bo wrought out by allowing to the prisoner a small amount of free action to test the sincerity of his amendment .

      iniiighain , because we all know that the moment of departure from the gaol is the most dangerous crisis in the life « f a criminal . ( Cheers . " ) It id then , if ever , that the friendly band should be stretched forth , for the criminal is then recommencing his career . If the only home which he had waa that prison appointed for his punishment—if the only friends who were not dangerous to liis future prospects were those prison officers who were appointed to correct him—if ho recollected that when his character was unquestionable he could not keep his place in society , but had forfeited his honour—what despair must fall upon their poor wretched fellow-being when the door closed behind him of that miserable

      abode ( to him his only refuge ) , and when he found himself shut from the only true friends ho ever had in the world ! "' ( Cheers . ' ) The speaker then alluded to a noble characteristic in the Birmingham ' people—the frequency of |) rosecutors begging with tours iu their eyes that convicted thieves should not be punished , and consenting to talco thorn back into their service . In the course of his seventeen years' Recorderahip , Mr . Hill had accedod to this request ia 483 cases ; and , after a strict watcli had been kept upon those criminals , it had been found that no more than 78 have again appeared at tho bar of any court . " And to what classes of the community do wo owe this good ? Why , to the artizan , to the small employer , who has two or three in his service , and -to tho small shopkeeper . These are the classes , I should say ,

      speaking from seventeen years' experience , to whom are mainly due those great services which have beon ren-i dexed to criminals and to society . Lot it not bo supposed for one moment that I speuk lightly of those who arc highor in the social scale . It so happens that masters who havo under their government a large number of workpeople have felt—probably rightly felt—that they were not in a position themselves to undertake tho responsibility of that constant watchfulness which was necessary to preserve him that had onco fallen from falling again . ( Hear , hear . ) I therefore am far from making any invidious comparisons ; yet tho fact still remains that it is to the least wealthy portion of tho middle classes of this town that the reclamation of that largo number of their feliow-creaturea is due . V Mr . Hill concluded by exhorting his auditors to do their best to

      Untitled Article

      IRELAND . Tim Tutkuaky Bajssk . Ari-iiAi . s . —Tho several appeals to the Lord Chancellor from Uie decision of the Master of tho Rolls , with respect to tho Tippemry Joint-Stock Bank , which were specially iixod for hearing on Monday , wore , by consent of all parties , postponed to the end of the ensuing Michaelmas term , or until after the 26 th of November . The grounds of this postponement wore , that tho English shareholders had made nn offer ot compromise in roply to tho circular of tho official manager , and that there was a fair prospect of an amicable settlement being come to , which would prevent , the assets of tho bank boing squandered in fruitless litigation . The uppcalfl applied to the cases of the flfty-tureo English shareholders , Mr . "Vincent Scully , UA \ , »«• Wilson Kennedy , Mr . J . 13 . Kennedy , and Mr . Starling . Manv a Si .. U' ' twixt tuk Cup ani > this Lir .- — statement having gone abroad thattliomassivo gold cup which was presented to Mr . Smith O'Jiricn by tlio W $ a

      Untitled Article

      I TE E A EB [ the rate of insurance the vessels / ¦ 104 i __ _ _ jB ^ JL _ j-Jg ^ -. ^^^ _^ _ No . 344 , Saturday ,

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 25, 1856, page 1014, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2164/page/6/