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Leader (1850-1860), 8th December 1855, Edition 1 of 2, Page 1171

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      Untitled Article

      December R , 1855 . ] , THE LEADBB . kXJl

      Untitled Article

      < $£ && pf the sapae in pledge , from Oakey and Fargher , who promised to redeem them at a stated time . This , however , they never did , and suspicions were then enter tained as to the real nature of the goods , in consequence of which , the casks were minutely examined , and were found to contain matter of the most filthy description , which had been covered over pn ifche top with spirits of wine , in order to make it appear that it was real and unmistakeable polish . After this discovery , Mr . Ernanuel ' s foreman went , unknown , to Oakey and Fargher , and succeeded in making them tell him the -whole particulars of the affair . They then attempted to bribe him to become a partner in their guilt ; but he declined , and the jnen were apprehended and taken before the magistrates . They were remanded for a week . Cutting and Wounding . —Several cases of

      murderous assaults -with knives , &c . have , as usual , come before the Judges during the assizes . Alfred Clarkson , a hay dealer , has been sentenced to imprisonment with hard labour for two years , for attacking , without afxj apparent cause , a Welchman , named Edward Jm . es . The prosecutor had taken Clarkson to his house early in the morning , and offered to let him lie down and sleep on his sofa ; but the man , who was intoxicated , suddenly commenced quarrelling with , and insulting his host , who was likewise the worse for jiquor . Suddenly , however , he advanced with a Smile on his face , and asked lines to shake hands . This was complied with ; and while the right hand of the prosecutor was in the left hand of the prisoner , the latter stabbed Imes , and continued the attack -with two knives at the same time . Clarksou was at length overpowered . —A wife has been sentenced to three years' imprisonment with hard labour for seriously cutting her husband with a razor , while he was asleep in bed .

      E . £ EBEZzi , ement . —Robert Martinson , junior , at the JTewcastle Assizes , pleaded guilty to a charge of embezzling £ 4 , 264 , the property of the Northumberland and Durham District Banking Company , of whom he was a clerk , and was sentenced to transportation for fourteen years ; and Richard Haslam , who had for a long time acted as coal salesman to Lord Vernon at Macclesfield , has received the game degree of punishment for apj . ropriating money to the amount of £ 918 , belonging to that nobleman .

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      NAVAL AND MILITARY . The Screw Steamer " Black Sea . "—A commu nication from Captain Youug , of this ship , relative to its springing a leak at the commencement of November , in the vicinity of Malta , lias been published . Captain Young speaks iu terms of the warmest gratitude of the a 3 sistauco rendered by the French lineof-battle ship Jena , which took the " Black Sea" in tow until taken iu charge by the Lady Egliuton , and furnished several men to assist iu working the pumps . But for this succour , the " Black Sea , " according to Cantain Young , must have been- lost . lo

      Explosion at Woolwich Aksisnau—An expsion occurred at the \\ oolwich Arsenal on Monday , in the mealing shed , which was blown into the air , and nine men were seriously injured , three of whom are considered to bo in a dying state . There were fortunately but very few rockets iu the sheds at the time , or the destruction ' must have been immense . One of the rockets struck au adjacent magazine , but did not penetrate the building ; a second fell through the roof of the pattern room of the royal carriage department , aud a third fell at the feet of Captain Vandeleur , who was engaged in some experiment in the marshes , a full half-mile distant . Tno ouly cause by which the accident can be accounted for is time , in mealing the powder , some slight friction , Kuffiyieut ta create a . spark of fire , must have been occasioned by the double-handed wooden instrument used lor that

      purpose . , . The Compass in Inox Siui's . —It ' n said that tho difficulty hitherto experienced , with the comjmss in iron shins has been removed ty n discovery vt Mr . J . M . Hyde , of the Cumberland Ironworks , Bristol , who contrives that the compass shall be placed in a neutral position , where the magnetism , of tho iron in the after part of the whip is balanced . UNi-ROMoTKi } Veterans . — The Crimean correspondent ( if the Daili / News calls attention to tho claims for promotion of Captains FyeiH and Jones , who have Borvod with distinguished gallantry for many years , but who have not received the duo guerdon o their toil and bravery—tho first merely gutting a brevet muioritv . and tho second no promotion whatever .

      Soldiers' Wives . ani > Cim . miKM in bcoi'LAND .---The condition of tho -wives and children ot . Scottish soldiers Hcrviiiff abroad i . s a . subject calling for yory serious attention . In Scotland , it is tho law that an iiblo-bodiwl woman is capable of mipportrng liuraoU and one child ; so that , whether or not a soldierh wife has tho power to procure employment , sl . o in lort without ansistanco . In cases vvhero tho poorl . ouso 18 o / Torod , the offer is made as unpalatable iih possible , bv tho faot that tho women havo often to herd with prostitutes , and by a very hard law , which obliges tho wife of u soldier who has boon born in a curtain town to Hi-ok Voli « .-f in that Hnocifio town , though nho may bu living a long way off . Ah iiu iiiHtuncd oi tins , it is mentioned that tho husband ( u private m tUo Aberdeen

      7 !) th ) of a respectable woman raiding m . hiiH u sottlomont in tho lust-mentioiiod parish , which , till lately , khvu her an allowance on account o hor two children ; bub she haw had it withdrawn , tho inspector writing to the inspector of the |» u-ih 1 i of St . Nicholan , Aberdeen , " You will send her and hor children hero , that they may bo tukon mto I * " P » ° * - house . " in another inntanco , tho | ,, ri . ih of I ) I ja lino rofiiHod to givo outdoor rohoi to Mi <> \ uJo « i « private in tho 42 nd , with two iu a . ilH , th- y- > » K «< - « few weeks old who roHicjeH mt . . » . ¦» J ^^ Aberdeen , on tho ground H «» t '' .. ' !'< . uimtiou not provided lor this class of p «» b < uo « Uou ariscl-For what ^/ ^^ Z- « "J , . »«» t i » tiik 1 ' n . csH / Y''XVimu " - "" - "' " about to bo ]> aul o Mi . V \ h . ' ' ^ b . pool will ^ & ^ T ^ & « ll U wiH b « auHod .. TUO ri . ivoi

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      I quote it verbatim from the recent controversial statement of Mr . Bazalgette against myself . Much has been said about the application of the liquid sewage of this town [ Rugby ] on the adjoining lands , but the above paper [ the Northampton Herald of Sept . 1855 ] states that the board at that meeting received one month ' s notice of action from C . M . Caldecott , Esq ., for the pollution of the river Avon ^ the damages being laid at £ 500 . I have received from Mr . Walker , the lessee of the Rugby sewage , a letter so conclusively refuting Mr . Bazalgette ' s suggestion , and containing the valuable results of experience so clearly and concisely put , that I feel bound , at the present juncture , to give it all the publicity in my power . Before quoting this letter , I will merely premise that Mr . Walker pays £ 50 a year for the Rugby sewage ; that he distributes it on 500 acres of land , varying in quality from gravel to clay ; that his works consist of a tank , a steam engine , pumps , iron subterranean irrigating pipes , with hose , and jet , &c . ; and that the total cost of this apparatus averages £ 4 per acre complete . I now give Mr . Walker ' s valuable letter verbatim : Nov . 16 , 1855 . Dear Sir , —In reply to your inquiries as to the results of my experience in irrigating my lands with the sewage of Rugby , I may state broadly that my experience entirely bears out your principle : — "The whole of the rainfall due to the river , the whole of the sewage due to the soil . '' The stronger I get the town sewage tue better it serves my purpose — every shower that dilutes it causes me so much needless cost in pumping . The heavier rains master the pumping power and storage capacity that can economically be brought to bear , and wash away quantities of valuable manure into the river . It is only in rainy weather and during- occasional stoppage of ray machinery ( for repair or cleaning out ) that the river is polluted . Every gallon of sewage , properly so called , that Rugby supplies , my pumps can dispose of and distribute to my fields , and that in all weathers all the year round , even when the enow is on the ground , and during frosts ; excepting when they are so severe as to freeze up the machinery and apparatus ., which only happened to me during the extraordinary frost of last winter . I have had occasion to complain to the Rugby local board of health on this influx of flood water , and have desired them to take measures for conveying it away by separate conduits . This I believe would entirely prevent the pollution of the river . I can also assure you that the tubular sewera of Rugby send down the sewage so immediately after its production , probably within an hour or so , that there is no time for decomposition , or for the generation of foul odours , so that I have not found it necessary to cover my tank , which creates no annoyance ovcu in its immediate vicinity ; nor is there any offensive smell from the land even immediately after irrigation . As to the land irrigated , a , good deal is of a very clayey nature , and much is imperfectly drained at present . Yet under all circumstances I find the system very successful in its results , and by no moans difficult to work now that I have gained some oxpcricuoe in dealing with its difficulties ; and I havo no doubt but that the sowago of most towns , large and small , may be thus applied with advantage , and , as you say , may become a source of foorl instead of fever and mortality . Yours truly , F . O . Ward , Esq . CJ-. H . Wai . kkk . The simple comparison of the statements in this letter with Mr . Bazalgette ' s peculiar representation of the : case will convey to the reader ' s mind an impression which no comment is necessary to enhance . It will be seen at once that the pollution of the river , so far from depending , as Mr . Bii / . nlgettc implies , on sewage irrigation of the land , occurs only when sewage irrigation is interrupted ; either " in rainy wenthcr , " " during occasional stoppage of the machinery for repair or cleaning out . " The applicability of the system to clay lands , us well as to light and porous soils , is a point ; of the utmost importance to the , inhabitants of London ; seeing that a largo proportion of the lands around the metropolis are of a clayey description . The facility with which tho operation is carried on all the year round , in sill weathers , even , when the hikmv is on the ground , anil during frost * auV ( j only when they arc of exceptional severity —is another result of Mr . Walker ' s experience ! , the value of which can scarcely be over estimated . It puts an end to tho difficulty ro often alleged—that whereas the production of sewage is continuous , its application to the soil must he intermittent . Mr . Walker finds , on the ' contrary , that " every gnllon of sewage , pro-1

      Mr . Ward promises , in conclusion , to explain the question of the cost of his duplicate drainage system , and reiterates his opinion that the c lossal tunnels proposed by Messrs . Stephenson aud Bazal gette will fail .

      perly so called , that Rugby supplies , his " pumps dispose of and distribute " to his " fields . " The rapid delivery of the sewage by the tubular sewers , so that time is not allowed for putrefaction and neither the tanks nor the irrigated lands emit any offensive odour , is another important fact . The superiority of strong to diluted sewage , and the advantage of excluding rain-water , as involving " needless cost in pumping , " and as " washing away quantities of valuable manure to the river , are points of the more importance that free dilution of sewage has not been thought necessary , even by some of the most eminent advocates of tubular irrigation .

      . The successful experience of sewage irrigation at Rugby , for example , lias been recently mentioned to tho Metropolitan Commissioners of Sewera in terms calculated to proilucc tine impression that the operation gives rise to pollution of the adjacent river Avon ; and tlmt it htis exposed the Rugby local board to an action at law for damage so occasioned . The language used for this purpose is subjoined .

      Sewage , heretofore discharged as refuse , must henceforth be administered as property . The whole of the rainfall is due to the river , the whole of the sewage to the soil . Purify your brooks , and your rivers will run pure of themselves . These principles meet with an opposition which I am persuaded is usually honest—the result of fair doubt and legitimnte caution ; but they arc sometimes assailed by misrepresentations of fact , which it takes all one ' s charity to believe

      inad-Duplicate drainage for the exclusion of flood water from the soil water sewers , and for the sepaarate conveyance of rainfall to the river , numbers a still smaller body of supporters ; as also does the corollary proposition — the exclusion of soil water from the brooks by intercepting drains similar to those proposed for the purification of the Thames . It is nevertheless irrcfraftably true that the abatement of fever , the increase of food , and the consequent enhancement of our national resources , military as well as civil , depend , to an incalculable extent , * on the recognition of the above-stated propositions ; which may be condensed into the three following rules : —

      3 HSWAB AND THE SAlNiTART jjivE 3 IENT . Mr . Ward has addressed another elaborate letter to the Daily News , on the sanitary movement . lie begins by showing the bearing of Sanitary reform ¦ on . the war . He then enters into practical details : — The bearing of Sanitary reform at home upon the war abroad , is oftener theoretically admitted than practically felt and acted on ; and many who accept , as self-evident , the general proposition , deny the feasibility of the means suggested for its realisation . Tubular Sewage Irrigation as a more recent innovation than Tubular Sewage Collection , calls forth in an especial degree disparagement and denial .

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 8, 1855, page 1171, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2118/page/7/