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Leader (1850-1860), 20th October 1855, Edition 1 of 2, Page 1012, oj ztiotisiHiliviou-xz rJ?;: ; ' )V ^'^Ifidijtf****^' ' ' - !r '- ' J - 'i "¦ i' '- ' - -v-..-' - .'- at-b«.ft. «.->m .ti:«i; i !- - .-- ^ -.r,?- ^ |4f-MW4W P -^ .-« ~..-.. . ¦ . ;. - > ,;.-,-;j ;1;-./ ^. ' '\ "'" /!!/ ' ''

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    • oj ztiotisiHiliviou-xz rJ?;: ; ' )V ^'^Ifidijtf****^' ' ' - !r '- ' J - 'i "¦ i' '- ' - -v-..-' - .'- at-b«.ft. «.->m .ti:«i; i !- - .-- ^ -.r,?- ^ |4f-MW4W P -^ .-« ~..-.. . ¦ . ;. - > ,;.-,-;j ;1;-./ ^. ' '\ "'" /!!/ ' ''
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      Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      HEUBEUT SPENCER'S PSYCHOLOGY . Tha Principles of Psychology . By lleibert Spencer . Author of tl Social Statics . Longman ana Co-En the year 1839 , Sohwann published bis masterly work on the accordance in , tho structure and growth of animals and phints , ia which , ho demonstrated that tho same Jaws of growth wero common to the tiyp . JcingdoroB , and that all tho wondrous variety of animal tissues was nothing but the variation ot ouo principle of cell growth . Every organism begins with a coll ; every part of the'Organism is made up of cells variously modified . f This work produced an epoch . From its appearance dates the rise oi structural anatomy , and most of the reigning speculations in biology . kuc-

      Untitled Article

      \ ttnii ' pwtfWl is > ul-yt-. < X bn <; UA ' - 't . i > i : j iu y ii-. -ji- . -f -u' ; .. ., ; : ( -j : i ' ' ' ¦ ¦ ¦ A , ">< - ¦ ¦¦¦ 'J ' - rvtftaa are not tka legislators , bjat the judges and policeof literature . They do not ^^ - ^^^^ S vfaP ^^^ fffceF ^^ U » cTfe ^ € ^ en ^ ee % li . ixii . ^ -ii 5 ? ii **» ft « fc ^ A JBawj& « o . " ^ f ^ J . j ^ ¦* < t * t ' t i iktui '^ tA ¦> ; ifi > ' ¦'' ' >!•¦! - ; ;'/¦ '• ¦ ¦ ); : i >;' . ' . ^ tf ' ¦* , ; ¦ ; . jL _ . ¦ nr- ''n r * ' ' 1 _ i _ ^ ^ L » . ii fais ¦ tnere lew voices

      Untitled Article

      _ rlw yforia , says , wobthjb , are » na so many ecaues , , yet-unihappiiy it is ^ np , . means tb ^ e loudest yo ^ pe Wticli most deserves reverberations , although thejtoiidest most certainly creates them . What an iijnnense radyam ) age , it jwpuld Jbe if troly . great , questions , in , Literature ; and IBbil ^ ft ^ yTrere ^ d ^ oossedfiwi ^ t . lialf tha eagerness . which we see excited by questions quite secondary , sometimes quite trivial . Take as a present iHtistrktibn ihe ^ itiraBtV of Wori ^ si yhich is sitrely a quite secpikdayy jto $£% eiij | £ jig 4 £ B&staly Is ^ ' Wlto ^ ethet ; b ^ bna the ^ sphere ; of cfemori- ; s ( $ | i ^ piiV $ fcfi $ ^ sport of speculative fkncyV al ? out as wp . rthy p £ a jplacejin * the philosophy of the ; age as Astolfo ' s journey taVtheomoon , ¦ ao > fancifully described by Aaioa-ra . Yet we have npb don ® . ysfitHiti | even after all the discussion in book and review . For some time 16 % ^^ we sb& ^ ^ m bre last words . Within the sf&i&rjp df ^ a ^ tijal k ^ ioifled §!? t V ^ taiii jUpwts are set to the productive powers o £ waiters and reasQnerg , , JJnless , ' a m ? in can bring forward new facts , or n ^ Vf j . cx ) nolu 40 a 3 ,.. sve > are . apb- tOi weary of , iteration . But in'Metaphysics thefeeaxe 3 cotoppseibf the ipartjcular material atoms that are ftiatalyi employed , in the wort ot ' organic fafendation , ' and those atoms aW placed in St in sucli 2 ? stSt ¥ o' ^ l <{ o ^ r ^ lkiye confaeiii > ii « iat'i l&y % ti > ' p ^ piiiilidrly available for the purpose . ' Air ' indeed , is organisable-piibsUnce in a ^ readily ^ organWfcftld'fcoiidition . Plants , * and ifll V ^ gfet ^ le ^ rodiicti 6 iW ,. wl > ic * cbiastitnte th& ultimate nourishment of animal bodies , aremade of the ^ kdeatdtta'Vapbttri ^ fth ^ iatirtdBpiiere . :-- '<'¦ ¦•¦'> ¦ - ' ¦ ¦' ¦ ' - % F'tw 6 ' thSn # s ^ 6 " ^ either « h ^^ evieWer '! ^ s employing 1 language ¦ with a 4 # & ^ $ J ^ ^ i ^ iiW ^ SflAfri ! 1 ^ w » , th ftygftnfc ^ bst / ince j ^ \\ s , elementary coinposjtwn , j > oa ijx its , synthesWiOf el « me »^ t s JPrpceeding ; from the e ^ traordjnary misconceptlon * © fiaibi being ? organisable substance , the reviewer continues in this facile style of error : — 1- - ¦ "• ' ¦' -i •¦• : ljl' ;! Tli >¦ ' ¦ - , : ¦ " '' ;• ' .. ft 5 1 * e itt ^ 6 'ipneref ftfoHbrti is ^ thb' grBa ^ reieryoir froin which the material of life is fmttre < HW * iy&e > 'Jfea ; and iritty ' w-hidh' thttSv ^ te of life ia thrown , and at the came time Stt > is the ptime hgeAt py > % h 0 SB ttiBtrtimen * ttlity the ojfer& ' tiorifl of life are set goinff . It i « : tbe ^ niaiI ( um''Wbicti btarid * b « t \ ree » and connects ihe opposite exti-ehiea of , vegetable and-. animali Existence , whiahj ! adapts eaoh ^ to theinecessitiea of th& . other , « uid which 9 ) a ^ ea . «« ch , posaiWe . > Wherevecih&ta < - vnavc , pn the earth vital phenomena manifest t ^ p ( in 8 elve& ; yrheneyer aiD is al » s « n ( t ev « ry kind ; pf , y ^ tal , 9 pera , ^» 9 P , stops . So jntiipo ^ ely , fe ^ v ^ W- ^ S ^^ W v ^ f . i hniwn :. ? ^!)^^ - : ^ : ^!?^ ^ W "X ? , « ndoir tov ^ riably . conneoted , t ^ atjfc . beqoin ^ s- ^ lfogetjier ljaipo ^ aib ^ to separata them an mouirKt . ' Each" iaems aa much " , adoptoa to the ' other as the eye is adapted to light , or Si K ^ fhe'lilESS ' i' 4 X ^ ett < mbt * Wi dfei ^ er ^^ iMe'Wtoa ^' V'WKene ^ eV ' thle'la ^ on e is called iip , ' notions of fHtfri ^ 'IRWMmK ^^ ' " " :: " > " &rOjrbs , tkpfrl ajreJjavi ^ Bjte ^ , with , ^ aaapun and vaporous atmosphorea , and by a , rfveraal of t ^ eprpqean they wij Oy ^ in , . t ^ i ^ p ^ o ^ ce /> f living qreatures r They accept thfl ( cprrelation 1 ( aa ^ ^ atte ^' , ( if ^ j i ^ rsei . jiijst . aa ^ lioy woiild in ^ he otlj ^ r case , and do nof ; pyen mjuto it ft put ^ ect for qi ^ e ^ ton ^ until soriio aceptical essay is compiled to challenge , j , purely a very slight cp ^ dera ^ pn ,, ni |» gh ^ have suggeseq to him that even IworoourAtmoarjJjere ^ tho resor . voin , of life which he supposes , the more exist-< moe of an attaosphdre round- othor planets would not be enough to prove *!»« presence oflife , seeirtg thnt the moon may have an atmosphere of " gases , Ji ^ d Vajp ' obrs * ' Without its "being ' ' idibfiitt ^ hl With otir atmospherd ; and we « H Jj ^^ . wr . ' t ^ afc ' ^ <| ijiiFVrQncQ ' in ' . tho . proportipn' of ' , jgi ^ ied in our own atmosphere VpM 4 iSU # i c 9 , to ' pro . Yent | life : a l ^ le more carbonic aoid would kt ^ l evwy animal , a little less would destroy every plant . Of what use is it , then , for astronomers to argue whether the planets have atmospheres , unless they can

      analyse those atmospheres , andr telfus what are their / constituents ? This questioir ' naturally ' pfe ^ eiits its ' elttotlterihysioibgist ; -Vtittb Htte ^ stt 6 noM 6 T it does not present . itself . Enough for Mm ! toprfoVei kn ^ tpapspn ^ re j thftt done / hethink ^ s ali b is done . ; ! ¦ ; Vl , " . " ¦¦ ¦ : ' ¦¦ ' » ' . ' : •• • . ' / .. ' ¦¦' '' - " . ' ¦ ' ¦ ' , ' ¦ . ' . : In the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal , always , valuable in its contributions ^ there is a paper of great interest by Professor Goodsib on the " Present State of Organic Electricity" ia which he reviews the hfetory of th »^ varidus discoveries which have been made in determining , the eleptricitjr of plants and animals . Xtistpo long fQf analysis ; instead pf drawing upon it , wemay . amuse the , reader by , an . anecdote of the Jaguar ( which the Journal quotes ) related by Herndon in his " Exploration of t , ne Amazon . " Doubtless ; many readers have watched a catfishing—a -sight'to be Iseen ! but what would ' they give to have seen a jaguar lyirig f » iVl length oh a rock level with the water , as " from time to time he struck the water with his tail , and at the same moment raised one of his ihrepaws and seized a fish , often of an enocaaous size . " Perhaps the reauer would like to know how the lashing of the-water with his tail ( the . jaguar ' s , not the reader ' s ) assisted the fishing operation ? Mr . HbknJ } O : n's explanation is that " the fish , deceived by the noise , and taking it for ifche fall of forest fruits ( of which they are very fond ) unsuspectingly approach , and soon fall into the claws of the traitor . " Very ingenious .: but how came the jaguar to invent that plan ? , How did he learn the tastes of the fish ? How did he hit upon this method ofdeluding the poor ignorant gluttons ? Here is a problem in animal psychology which we leave the reader to work out : it is not half so difficult as it seems . In the Journal of Psychological Medicine there is a curipus classified table of the occupations , of the insane , taken from Bethlem Hospital . At first one is struck with the contrasts , until simple arithmetical consideration comes to aid , and one sees that the employment which has many followers will furhishk largernumber of the insane than an employment which has Comparatively few followers . Yet this will not alone account for the contrast ; often the number , of the insane will bear no sort of relation to the number of followers . For example , we find eight artists to three authors , yet authors are undoubtedly far more numerous than artists ' , while attorneys , more numerous than both , have only four : ; But let us hear Dr . Webster : — Looking at the table in the aggregate , clerks constitute the mPsfe nuntetpus body of male patients adhiitted , whilst labouring under insanity . Next carpenters , labourers , and tailors ; then turners ; grocers , and schoolmasters ; 'amongstthe latter of whom . there are twentyiseveh ^ itistatteefs : r . The ¦ cirouihstance seems rather remarkably ' that so many teachers of-youth as the number mentioned should have become insane , seeing schoolmasters are by no means a numerous fraternity . This is proved by the fact of there being , only 1676 persons returned as so engaged by the census of 1851 , and resident within the metropolis . Of course , it cannot , hence be positively asserted that those engaged in teaching , . are more liable to Jbecome ? victims to mental disease than in some other occupations : as , for instance , medical practitioners , of whom twenty-two examples are reported to have been received into Bethlem Hospital , the total amount of ' physicians and surgeons being 3959 in Ijondon , or upwards double the humbei' 6 &Bcho 6 ltna £ ie + s . ' 'Aj ^ tti ^ 'tairty-four tiirnera ' ware admitted : and as this class is-even . lesS numerous taian'tbe'latterj-or'onlylfflY throughout the metropolitan districtfr , it seems not overetraining the arguioaent to assume that individuals dedicated to-this kind of i employment , become oftener insane than various other parties occupied in a difierent manner . > Focexaiaple , only tJjirt . v-fi . ve tailors are stated to have been received into the insane , Wftrdjj p £ Bethlem , ; nptwAthstanding that body of workmen is very numerous , there being not Ie 3 s than 20 , 257 . in London , or more tba , n fifteen times | the , numberof turnera , ; nevertheless , the : total ,, cases were almost identical , . .. -,. ' " , ¦ ¦ .. . ; . •• ,. ¦ ¦ ¦ ; -.- . ' ; ¦• -, '¦ . ¦ ,. » ' Much the same kind of ( reasoning jriky also | apply to servants , of which thirty-two cases of insanity are recorded ; and , as this class comprises 21 , 507 individuals , if thoib at inns ate included , it Decomes a ( iircftmstiince w 6 irth ^ ^ noting that so few lunatics were comprised in ' this divisiph ! " At all eVerttsI , ' fadtwithstandin ^ iauch inferences may appear rather more ¦ speculative 1 tlian yet'proved , tho table certainly demonstrates mental disease oftoner supervenes amongst certaia' cbjasea of workmen compared with others whose , occupations ^ are of a different . description . In respect of turners , although a very limited bo < ly of , artisans , it is , somewhat singular the cases registered were so numerous ; ajid the abovp fact would , almost . warrant the conclusion that their particular kind pf . pcoopation , apparently ejxerts an ipfluence in producing these attacks . Biu ) w ^ etfier . ^ hrpugh the rapfd rotary motion of the machinory used , and so exciting the : brain fronitlxo upifpr , m attention required pn the workman ' s part , or by the monotonous , but constantly changing aspect of the articles they make , deserves further attention and much additional experience before speaking upon the subject with cenfidence . ' - ^ ' , Among women it is fouml / that needlewotnen and governesses are most subject to . insanity : — . ,, , ,, . ¦ ...., Another class of single women ,. seems , lipwover , even more predisposed to and afflicted by mental disease , namely , governesses : , of whpm ^ ixty-two instances are recorded in , the table ; making nearly one in every thirty 7 t ]» roo female lunatics admitted . Like schoolmasters , govemessoa are not a numerous body , speaking comparatively ; and therefore the coincidence appears more singular , that both these classos , who are each engaged in training tno rising generation , and alad imparting knowledge to young minds , should respectively - furnish ' so large a proportion of inmates to Bethlem Hospital ; but why this remarkably similar result should happen is difficult of explanation .

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 20, 1855, page 1012, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2111/page/16/