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Leader (1850-1860), 29th September 1855, Edition 1 of 2, Page 940, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      heterogeneous parts which have been graduall ; blended * nd consolidated intq ^ he present conipac ^ gdom h as contributed its iota of traditions Eberty to restriain tN absolute powe * of the head otir readers ' must have the patience to give rapid glance ^ at the : states from their origin . s % he Burgundians ^ - ; a ¦ . branch of the Vandals who fprmierlj inhabited , the ^ neient Germani frfests ^ crossed the Rhine in the fifth century , an < ina ^ e themselves masters of the whole territor lying befrwteen : Bwitzerlana and the Rhone . Thes sturdy Celts Were the last to yield to the Romai atoms , tout ,: after desperate conflicts * JEtius , th . Ionian general , . took : their king prisoner , and ex terminated more than half the rac § . To the re mainder " te granted the territory of Savoy , and b ; ^ adual tonquest'the Burgundians extended thei Eingdoto-toifeffrly its ancient limits . This king dom was afterwards divided between the Frank and the Western Empire ; Savoy was subject fc all th , e kings of the Merovingian race , while Pied mtmt , ori ^ the extinction 6 f the Western Empire forriied part" of" the kingdom of Italy unde Odbacer , and then of the , kingdom of the UrOm bards . Merged in the vast empire of Charle inagtfei-which ' ttnited the possessions of the Frencl Jangs to those of the monarchs of LombardyV th < inhabitants of Savoy and Piedmont shared th < w-ise institutions of that great legislator . * V We hear of the parliaments of Montferrato ; th < etais ; g # nerai& of Piedmont , Savoy , and the valley o ^ ^ asta aS late aS s 1560 . Tesatiro , in his Origh of the Civil Wars , whereinhe dilates on the value olf these assemblies , says : ^ " As the- princes o Savby became more powerful , this tribunal gra dually lost its strength and liberty ; little by Ixttli ifc' ' ¦ sank , and at length disappeared ' altogether Both Louis XI . arid Etrimantiel * Philibert ( mo ij&rcbs of France : and Savoy towards the end o : tltfe sixteenth' century /) attribute to themselves tin gtojry ^ f ^ h ' aH ^ g diminished the pdwer of these ifelemblieai itf ^ heir'kingdoms . " ^ ^^ m } -M ^ X 0 t' £ k ^ jPiei 3 iJi ont '( Sse attempted , but fpfledj ^ to ^ obtain a Representative goverrim ^ ht , the liiembry of these assemblies was too' confused to give' taerii" % fa'll y iiig point ; Sjtlll , remnants of municipal , privileges among the Piedmontese , and t £ at indqnutable " , loye of independence which dis-^ ii guished the Ligurians from the remotest times , Icepi'th&'fire from dyink pijfc . It was evident to ChWles-iiJl 6 eiifc , wh < lnlie came ; tcrtnethrone , that His Subjects ' Tetairied 'among them the proofs Jj hat freeftom ; is of older date tb . &n . despotismj arid / he , wiser / fliari the ' tyrants of Southern _ Italy . i set himself to commence at leasti the restoration of that anttfeju ' e JIb erty , which his suctiessbr , as we shall presently show , has continued to develop to an e&te ' nt far ' exceeding what is generally supposed iA ^ Tigiaridv - ; ! __ ¦ ¦ •;• ¦'! /' .:: ¦ ; ' 1 " : i . „ " :, ' , ' : ; ' :, ' ^ h arlea the Bal 4 to whprii Burgundy fell hi the petition of . „ . ' $ « $ ;' iftmw ^ ' of Qharlemftgijie , made titles and , dignities heredi ^ jr among the nobles , attdtflus ' p ^^ t 6 ' ' wlucT ^ spine ' of them- ajElferwards attainedl I ^ o ' d ' olp h , one of the ^ p sV ^ pwerfulVp f these npbic 0 , ' erpcted all the countries east of the Sa 6 ne , including the . ancient kijigdpm of Burgundy , into ohp kingdom ' , to ' which bei gave the name of Upper Biirguridy , and in , 898 caused lumself to be elected kWi ' g . It was during the reign of Rudolph IIL , liitft King oftipper Burgundy , before it passed irtw the hands of Conrad , King of the Germans , ahd Emperor of the West , that Humbert the "¦ White- ^ an ' ded , ' fcburit of Maurienne , appears . "X * ii \ a pjnberto ¦ Biancamano is the first historical ancestor of' the present dynasty of Savoy . Cibrario , whose researches nnd reputation entitle him to CO ^ fidehce , proves that Humbert was the second son of Otto Giuglielmo , " a prince of regal blood , who ciime to Burgundy , and there acquired by bin virtues considerable possessions ; " that Otto vtiiB ^ the jBdn of , Adalbert , and grandson of Berengririus , King of Itftly . " ' Thus he s ^ y ' s , with evident prWlo , the House of Savb f is tho oldest existing brnnch of Italian Princea , and the only one in wh 6 Me veins rund the blood of Berengarius I ., ' '¦ ' " '¦ ¦ . '¦'¦'' " ' * - '• ¦ ' ' ¦

      : jri 6 iiido , Bererigarius ; H ., and of Adalbert , Italian t Kings of Italy . " * ¦ TTT .. I Kthe civil wars between Rodolph III . and his I , rebellious vassals , Humbert always remained a faithful to the king , after whose death we find him the friend and counsellor of Ermengarde , the r , king ' s widow . He also supported the ^ claims of c Conrad to the throne , who confirmed him in the a territories that he had inherited from his father v or received as gifts from Ermengarde , and gave e him the military jurisdiction over several other a parts of Savoy , the valley of Aosta , and the Lower ? But it w as Adelaide of Susa , by her marriage - with Oddo , Humbert ' s son , who brought such ac-Y cession of territory and power to the house » of r Savoy . The marquisate of Italr comprehended - all the valleys on the Italian side of the Alps , s with Turin and several other counties , which 0 on the erection of Italy into a separate king-- dom formed the border region . Oddo , by Jus ¦ marriage with Adelaide , heiress to her father , r Manfred , Marquis of Italy and Count of Turin , - thus extended his dominions to the banks of the - Po , and by adding the passes of Mount Cenis and a Mount Genevre to those of the Great and Little 3 St . Bernard which ; he already possessed , became s master of the very gates of Italy . This same Adelaide , who ruled the kingdom after her hus-* band ' s death , as colleague of her son Amedeus , " and as regent of her grandson Humbert II ., first { taught the House of Savoy the value of these B passes as a means of adding to their domains , f She extorted Bugey * a province in Burgundy , from Henry IV ., her son-in-law , in return for allowing 1 him to cross St . Bernard on his passage to meet ' Gregory VII ., and following in her steps whenever '¦ ¦ any of the western kings entered Italy , the Savoy p princes required some addition of land or power 5 in return for the thoroughfare thus made of their [ dominions . . , ¦¦ ; ¦ . . ,. . After the death of Adelaide , her heirs went on steadily increasing their kingdom on the Burgu-n' dian side of the Alps ; but although the-old ^ hro * ' 1 nielers are fond of sty ling-their , earfy princes . " Count of T « wn , ' ^ TVlarquis of Monferrato , " &c , it was not until the fourteenth century that the house of Savoy acquired any solid footing in Italy . Sismondi , in speaking of the inhabitants of the cities of Italy who associated for common defence against their enemies , among whom he classes "the emperors of Germany , who ^ jailed themselves their , soyereign , " say ^ " Th , ese same men , whom , emperors , prelates , arid nobles considered only as freed serfs , perceived that they constituted almost the , only public force in Italy . " And these ^ same ,-men" hesitated . not to throw off their allegiance to-any and every governor whose government ( was ivkspme , to . them > . Sometinoes they . would declare thbmselyes nominal vassals ^ of the , empire , and refuse any intermediate authority . At others the cpntests between the emperors and the popes ( which gave rise to the . jfactionfr of the G « elphs and Ghibelines ) furnished them with ample oppprtunity for di sclaiming all foreign sway . " Aniong the towns of Piedmont , Turin took the lead , and , disputeid the authority of the Counts of Savoy , who called themselves imperial vicars in that country , Mpntferrato continued to have its marquises . They were among the great feudatories who had survived the civil wars ; but the towns and provinces were not in subjection to them , and Asti was more powerful than they were . " Even during the reign of Humbert II ., we find Turin , Asti , and the other great cities in a state of revolt ; and Durandi in his " Piedmonte Ciapanado Antico , " preserves the treaty between " Count Humbert of Savoy and the consuls of the city of Asti , " whereby the . so-called " Lord" confirms all the privileges of the citizens of Asti , grants them new territories , and a free passage throughout his dominions . In a subsequent article we shall show how those inhabitants of the Marches , whoso V savage independence stood them in the place of liberty , ' revolted against and even took prisoners some of the Savoy counts , whose sway was tyrannical , and again offered their voluntary allegiance to others wnoao wisdom and goodness stood for them an authority that no emperor or pope could have given to them in those times . A , b wo shall only refer to those princes who figure prominently in the history of the States , to avoid

      1383 ; Amedeus VIII ., 1391 ; Louis , 1440 ; Amedeus IX ., 1465- , Philibert I ., 1472 ; Charles I ., 1482 ; Charles II ., 1489 ; PhUip II ., 1496 ; Philibert II ., 1497 ; Charles ni ., 1504 ; Emmanuel Philibert , 1553 ; Charles Emmanuel I ., 1580 ; Victor Amedeus , 1630 ; Charles Emmanuel H ., 1638 ; Victor Amedeus , 1675 ; Charles Emmanuel HI ., 173 P ; Victor Amedeus III ., 1773 ; Charles Emmanuel IV ., 1796 ; Victor Emmanuel I ., 1802 ; Charles Felix , 1821 ; Charles Albert , 1831 , who abdicated March 23 , 1849 , in favour of his son , Victor Emmanuel II ., the reigning king . ,

      confusion * ifre subjoin here a chronological list of the Savoy dynasty from Humbert L down to the reignin ** king , without specifying their successive titles , " Count of Maurienne , " " Count and Duke of Savoy , " " King of Sardinia . " Humbert I ., 1032 ; Amedeus I . and Oddo , 1048 ; Adelaide , regent , and Amedeus II ., 1060 ; Humbert II ., 1091 ; Amedeus III ., 1103 ; Humbert HI ., 1149 ; Thomas I ., 1188 ; Amadeus IV ., 1233 ; Boniface , 1253 ; Peter , 1263 ; Philip I ., 1268 ; Amedeus V ., 1285 ; Edward , 1323 ; Aymon 1330 ; Amedeus VI ., 1343 ; Amedeus VII .,

      Untitled Article

      The TESTtMOJSiAL to Mb . Samuel GotrBTAim > was presented at Braintree on Tuesday , the Corn Exchange being the scene of the ceremonial . . Sir William Clay , Bart , M . P ., presided . The Rev . David Bees , the secretary to the committee , having read the report , the chairman addressed the meeting , and gave a history of Mr . Courtauld ' s exertions during a period of sixteen years , unto , after many adverse decisions in inferior' courts , the House of Lords established the great principle that a church-rate , to be valid , must be assented to by a majority of the parishioners . Mr . Courtauld replied in a speech of great length , in which he discoursed on the question of church-rates in the abstract , the injustice of which he denounced •'; and speeches were also delivered by Mr . Miall , M . P ., and Mr . W . J- Fox , M . P . The latter bh

      observed : —" He trusted he might be excused y te warlike emblems ' around him from saying that he rer garded t&e present war as most favourable to the extension of principles of religious equality , if it were only on account , of the differences , of religion of the Allied armies ; for there every form of the Christian religion , and forms beyond the Christian religion , wie ' re to * be found . Yet what -was the result ? They praj'ed apart , but they charged together . { Great applause . ) , He , was happy to congratulate them on the accession of a convert . He had received a circular from the Vicar of Braintree , asking for a voluntary subscription for the parish church . ( Hear , hear r and laughter . ') The vicar expressed himself ah unwilling convert ; bi * t they were willing to receive unwilling converts . " A fter several toasts had been drunk , the company separated .

      Islington Litkraby and Scientific Society . —A meeting was held in the theatre , of this institution , on Thursday evening last , for the purpose of presenting a testimonial td Mr . Joseph Simpson , on the occasion of his retirement from the office of librarian . The chair was occupied by Charles Woodward , Esq ., F . K . S . ( President of the Institution ) , who , in a highly-complimentary manner , bore testimony to the zeal and ability , displayed by Mr . Simpson in the discharge of his duties , during the the and

      eight years ho had been connected with society ; presented him , in the name of the . officers of the society , and the subscribers , with a handsome timepiece , and a purse of 30 / ., the proceeds of a general subscription among the members . Mr . Simpson , in an appropriate speech , expressed his great gratification , stated the circumstances which led to his resignation ; and warmly thanked the officers and members of the . society , not only for their parting gifts , but also for the many previous acts of kindness which he had received from them .

      < ' Owanob Medley . "—An inquest was held before Mr . Curry , the coroner of Liverpopl , on Saturday , on the body of an infant named Robert Price , who had died under the following circumstances : —The parents of the child , who are in a humble sphere of life , occupy n . house in Mile-street , T , oxtethrpark . The deceased was born on Thursday , the Gth inat ., and in the course of the day a doctor ordered it a dose of castor-oil . A girl in the room was told that she would find a bottle containing oil on a shelf down-staira . On going to the place she found two bottles , a small one , containing vitriol , having boon placed there some time previously by tho father , who at this tiino eat in tho kitchen , but made no ht

      uttempt to ascertain whether tho girl had got the rig bottle . Up-Btairs wont the girl , who gave tho bottle to a woman in tho room , and tho nurse asked her to pour out half a toaspoonful . This waB done , and tho nurso poured some into tho child's mouth . Tho infant screamed , and tho nurso then put tho epoon to her own lips , which were burnt by the touch . The doctor was sent for , and every attention was paid to tho child , which lingered in dreadful torture until Thursday last , when it died . Tho jury returned a vordict of " Chance medley , " which tho coroner said was » 8 near as possible to manslaughter , and would bo passed aa a mark of censuro upou tho nurso for not using more caro on the occasion . Ho wondered her noBe had not detected tho difference between castor-oil and sulphuric acid .

      Untitled Article

      . 0 ' ¦ rp-i ^^ U ^ g ^ : J B ^ - [ N 6 / 2 &J , f J ^ rKbAir ,

      Untitled Article

      . — ., „ —__ - _ _ . — _— ^ ___ * Cibrario , in his Stloria delta flfonarchia di / Savoia , differs at times from Paxadlno and Guicheron , the old chroniclers of Savoy ; but Sismondi also disputes the truth of their records .

      Untitled Article

      ? )^ t was Charlemagne who first admitted the people t ^ totm the third estate in tho annual assemblies or parliaments , where formerly the clergy and th , e nobles had Alone deliberated on public affairs and transacted tho baainesd of legislation . Kaoh of tho provinces into which hte ^ pJro , w | s divided sent up twelve ropresentativMiw ' : Th «« e general Assemblies continued for centuries £ a- * itor $ flse $ n unpleasant but-wholesome restraint on tho Savoy prjuiOM .

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 29, 1855, page 940, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2108/page/16/