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Leader (1850-1860), 9th September 1854, Edition Town of 2, Page 846, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      PUBLIC HSAIi ^ Hv—THE . CHOLERA .. T ^ SjB , BegiafcraxrCtaneiaV returns *—* - "In , tq > weefe . that enfed on Satuxday , last 2515 pewoas died in London . This , number exceeds .- t | te average * 12 . 48 , by 13 S 7 ., but is . 331 lfiSS . thaA . tUe nuinber . of deaths ia the week tltet , ended , September 1 , 1 . 849 , when cliolera . was . epidemic , auil 279 ! 5 persons died . " The ait was stagnant . in the early part of the week ; no rain fplL ; . the swa shoue . brightly ; and the temperature of tke . atmosphere and , theThames rapged fr . pin 60 degs . to . 7 , 0 clegs . " 128 T , deaths are referred to cholera , 243 to diarrhoea . "Hie deaths from cholera during the last nine weeks hlave leenl , 5 , ^ 26 , 133 , 399 , 644 , 729 , 847 , 1287 . " The present cholera epidemic , like that of 1848—9 , has

      appeared , in two eruptions . The first broke oujt . earlier CAjiigust 21 . 1853 ) ,. tie latter eruption later ia the year . ( July 8 th . ) than the corresponding eruptions , in eitlier the « pidemic of 1832 ^ -3 , or of 184 . 8— -9 > . Up . to the date of September tfc . e 1 st , 1849 , the epidemic in Londou duang . l 5 ^ ekst destroyed . 8117 lives . In . the present . epidemic 4070 lives , have . been lost in the . eight . weeks , eftding September the , 2 nd . ' "Although little more than a fourth part ( 616 . 635 ) of -the population ( 2 , 362 , 236 ]) of this vast city is on the south side ofytjio . Th . am . e § j , 2317 of , the 4070 deaths freni cholera lave happenectin tlie low southern districts ; . and tiiere the . aaortality is still Heavy ; 101 ' persons died of' cholera last ireek . in Bernumdseyy " Ont the north ; side of tlie Thames ., there , has- been a re * raarkablec outbreak ipthe St . Jameses , diatricti

      • Ibeloeal authoFjtiesi&hould immediately make arranger naentai for carrying out ; tbe instructions of- the Board of > Health- No time should be lost ; Insjactiori and tiLehouse- - to > house visitation . should he afconce instituted . The iriaxiin vvith . every , person ; iiow should ; be—^ Eollow youi' usual pursuits ; , liye temperately , _ Wt well ; fear nothing , but ? the iustnntyon perceive anydisorder , however sli ghti inyourself on any , ' member of yonr iSrnilyj apply , for niedica . j advice . - " Qn tha . "water- coriipaiiies tliat supply the population vsith the dirty Water of tlie rivers a serious , responsibility rests . l ! ha > water of every company is- as impure . as ' - , it wa » in : 1849 , except in One instance . Trie Lambeth company bqwi praoures its , water from Thames Ditton , andin the district ^ Witch it partially supplier the . ' mortality from cholera . ia . largely reduced . ' !

      Untitled Article

      ^ The Board of Health is very aetire : thatis , it -isissuing- incessant circulars ; It recommends ; these , precautions : — ' * 1 . Apply tois medical man immediately in case . of loosemess of the bowels , as it inay bring on cholera . " 2 : Do . not take any salts or other strong medicine withr outproper advice . " 3 ; Beware of drink , for excess in beer , wine , or spirits : is likely , to be followed by cholera * . " 4 : Avoid eating-meat that . is tainted or unwholesome , decayed or unripe fruit , and stale tisb or vegetables . "; & . Avoid fasting too long ^ . Be moderate at meals / " 6 ; Avoid great fatigue , or getting ' heated a / nd then chilled . " 7 . Avoid getting wefc , or remaining in , wet . clotlies . " 8 . Keep yourself clean , and yonr bpdy and feet as dry

      and ' as warm as your means and occunatiori-will permit . and'as warm as your means and occupation-will permit . " 9 . Keep your rooms well cleaned and ^ litnoWaslied ; open tlie windows as often ap possible ; remove alj dirt qnd , impurities immediately . : " " 10 . Use chloride of linio or of zinc to remove any ofil'nsiv / e smella , " It , If'there are any dust or dirt heaps , foul dirninsj bad ' sjnellsj . or . other nuisances in the house or neighbourhood , make , complaint , without delay tp , the local , authorities having leg _ n power . to , remove them ; or , if there be no such authorities , or you do- not lwiow who they are ,, complain . to the board of guardians . " It has called to its aid n Medical Board—a good step , GBSu&ing at least ; - for- the future a scientific generalisation of the origin and cure of cholera . The nie , dical ' men selected aw . —

      " 1 . John Ayrton Paris , M . P , F . R . S ,, president of the Eoynl College of Physicians . " 2 ., 8 ' n \ Jftmea Collins Brodio , Bart ., Ii " . K . S * , Sergeant Suvgeon > to tho Qaeen , Consulting Sargeon to St . Goorgo ' a Hospitnl . "S . Sip Jf » mes Olarij , Barb , M ; D ., FilfcS ., IMiysioiftn in-Ordinary to the , ' Queen and to his ttoyal Highness-tfrlnoo-Albert , * 4 ; Jatnes AWcrson , M . T } ., F . R . S ., Follow and Troaswrer of tho Royal College of Physicians , Physician to St . Miiry ' a Httspltivli " 5 . Bonjamin Givy-Babincton , M . D ., F : B . S : Follow of tho Koywli College . ox-Physicians , late Physioift » - to Guy ' fr H « £ tpitnl . " ¦ to Alexjyndw Tweed !© , M ; D ,, "F . R ;^ , Foltow of tho KovaJ C ? 0 ll 6 £ ro . of Phvsiuians . Plivfli ^ inn to tlio I ? ovfii' Hos .

      pitttl , 15 H « nMnoir in Medicine in tlio University of- London . " 7 . WllUanm Rnly , M ' . Di , F . R . 8 ., Asaistnnt PhyHioian t ©> S ^ Baifcholomow'B Hospitnl , Phyfiician to tho MUbanlc Ifeniteiititny . « 8 . WlUiam tawaenco , F . « . S . > Vico-President of- tho W 0 ynl OoUeg « . of Surgeons , Surgeon to St . Ba . rfcholomew ' a Hospital , fijurffeon-. Kxtrftordlnnry to tho Quoen . 9 i JQlm Shnon , F . R . S ., Surgeon to Stv Tli-omua ' a Hobptyn ); Officer of Hoaith in tho City , of' Londoin r ' l' € 1 ' Bi « h « r 4 ' Owon , I ^ R ^ S , Profeoaaor 6 i Zwlogy in tho BoyaliCttf logo-of' Surgeons . r « Ik Wajthaniol 1 J . Ward , M » ator of tljo Socioty of Apotllccovlwi . * ' 10 . John- Bncot , Inspector of An « tomy , Member of'tlia 9 on » t » of thft-UnivoTBity of London . " l $ Wl | H <»» n Fftrr , M . I ) ., Rogisbmr-GoncraVa Qfflcok " -ri-nri r—¦¦¦ -m . ¦¦¦ ni-. » i ..

      Untitled Article

      __ ., ' XHE BKER ACT . The . " Protection gQciety ; " of . thfi . I ^ icenaed Victualr lets has had » meeting , ; ^ t whioh > the Canamittee offered their defense to the traded arid we ought to assume that the trade was satisfied , for no counterre ! S 0 lution $ ireve offered ^ its ^ competition wiili those propoaiedbytheGommitteei But the secessipn goes , onv About SOO Licensed \ CietiiaUejrs .. have . , constituted , tfe ^ naaelves . into , an independent " Defence Association , " and . hiive had a naieeting , to organise , at Drury . Xa . iie . Speeches ; were madfej and" resolutions ^ passed , fatal' to the present array- of editprial talent connected with the Morning Advetitisen

      Untitled Article

      IBEEGAiLILY : ENTERING M 1 SN O 1 S BOARD ME ^ jQILAJJri } SHIPS . A oas » of sotjae impprt ^ ace to . the commercial and royal nwrifts ^ aft . Jjeacd by th © . bQiouglii magigtrates at . Port&mo . ttth . onJWciiJBesdivyi .. Ulae Qotnnjapde > r-inr , CJitef , Vic . e-Ajdmir . al Sir DEhomas . Qochrano ,, was present during its hearing , ; as was also C&ptain Hjay , of H . TSf . S . Victory . The circumstances of tlie case were as 4 ollows : James XDlark , a waterman ,, belonging to Gospovt , appeared to answer to an information , laid . under the 8 . & 9 Vic ,, chapter . , in , titutJed . au " Act for tjje ^ prote . Gtion of- seamen , entering on hoard Wier / chant ships , " in having " provided and supplied a seaman named- 'John- © ram to a nierchaul ? ship , " he not having- a license to dbt so * Tliese are tbe faots-.-tike manOrflin -wa * a seaman belonging tfl , the-Seal . arJc , tender to the Uhistrious , an \ d . he- had , leayq qf g , bsenge . froin Friday evening , the $ 5 th . ult ,,, tiU . Saturday morq ing . He did n , ot return to the Sea . 7 lark on the last-named day ^ and then it transpired that he hadi entered , on board the merchant ship Blenheim . A . fiiat stewflev ( tjief VividO was aenj , afte ^ the , BJ ^ ph , eirn ,, which , she ov ^ rtpojc , off St . Ka , therine ' s Jfo ' mt , OrAm ^ together with t > To other seamen of tho Illustrious , were found on bpard , and : brought back , '

      Tho charge-was nob denied . There wore , ia all si » informations ,. aad < Glar ^ wa& flnedl . 151 . witih costs ^ on fouu months ? htwsd laho ^ r ,. on , tho . firpt , and , 1 % , or , one day s , hard labour on the others , Xh appear ^ that the law had never been put in . force at Portsmouth before .

      Untitled Article

      COURTS-MARTIAL IN INDIA . ( From ike Mqfuasittte . ) In our r . emarlcs upon tho case of Lieutenant Harris , -tho other day , wo especially ad-verted to tho extreme leniency of the sentence , in comparison with othor sentences awarded for ofl ' onc , e 8 of a similar kind . One of tbc most Btrilring contrasts , ia that of lieutenant Bradford of tho Artillery . Mr . Bradford failed to redeem his promissory note fov 800 , rupoes , nytd tho note having been negotiated , tha ondorsors had tp dlsoluirge tho obligation . Those gentlemen wore brother officers of Bfr . JBriidCord , and paid tho money without calling attention tothe-oircumstnnco , nml considorea tho transaction evidvntly ns a pvivnto one in all respects . There wnu a second charge against Mr , Brad , ford , which wus to thooflbct that lio liad civon a oix'ditor an order-to tho oxtont ot' 100 rupees a month on his pny and ullownnces , andaftorwiirils , without tho consent ) of tno bank to which tho order had been sold , directed tho discontinuance of the deductions . For those , oftcneoa Mr . Bmilt ' ord wne sentenced to bo dismissQdtho service

      Of tho two offonces thoro can bo no doubt that tho offence of Mr . Hun-is was tho one which would lower tho delinquent moat among gentlomon , andoxpoao him to n . severer punishment by tho ordinary law . But bocnueo they w « ro triod by cwrt-martinl , Mr , Harrifl , tlio gwntor oflbndcc , loses three steps , wbito Mr . Bradford > tho Bnawlltsr offender , ia ctmhiored , Wo have ow ^ boIvoh jopoatcdly comlp > nnod , tho presont eyatem for its uncertainty , aiid this journal , whilo in other lmndn , hns nlwnyfl cnllbd loudly for reform . 'Vno nnomnHfta to which it giyoa vlw nro countlous , Tho b » loflj » t description of Oosofl within our l-ccollcction whioh havo tooon . grossly blundoredj womIO . fill « considorablo apneo . Need ' we refer t « tho names of Sundhnm , ltoed , ond Ournming ? Nqpd wo . , point qjico more to tho fiirflical iiioftlcionoy of tl » o Judge Advocates

      Bopartment , especially under a late head , -who proposed that great boon to young , officers—viz . makisg their entire pay available at the- Mrtrtary Court of Bequests—and aetuallv attempted to force it upon their acceptance ? : Need we refer to the anomaly which is occasionally met with ^ of an officer aud . a gentleman who has lieen dismissed the service for dishonourable conduct , swaggering about with the airs of iuiured innocence , on fall pay , and as good a man as . any in tho arjmy ? One of these we call to mind at tlie , present moment wnen the case stands out in peculiarly , strong contrast to a » other , ^ -that of one viJio . iias been tried and . acquitted by caurt-rmartial i of very serious charges , and ; turned out of the sea-vice , to gratify the private . animosity of a person to whom he had rendered hunself obnoxious . Lasti'ear the incaoacity of tbe Judge-Advocate's Denart :.

      raeat was particularly - exhibited in the cas « of Thomas Racey , of her Majesty ! s 10 th Regim-ent , who Avas represented in . the charge as killing and . murdering a man on the 3 rd of Jtfnrch , wlien tbe man did iiot die until the 9 th . In a case which occurred at about the same time , there was a flagrant instance of a Judge-Advocate selecting and commenting uyon evidence while the doors were closed , and during tlie absence of the prisoner , —a practice which may be in accordance with custom , but is certainly not in accordance with law . Then , again , as regards previous , convictions . They axe never meant , by military la-w to have any -weight in the case oPcommissiomid officers ; the Court being bound simply to consider the case before them . Y . fet Mn Sandham , to whom we have already referredj was- sentenced to be cashiered , partly on the ground , as - ^ as formally declared : " that evidence

      of two previous convictions had been . ' received . These' and ' numerous instances on record of the glaring rcctuirements of ; the present- system ,: can leave no doubt on tie mind of aay rational person that no xeal reform is . lively to take place iri military Iavv until there 5 s a new department , formed of men of" undoubted and ascertained gualirications for ; the worfe , It is' no ' l'ejprpacli to officers that tlie great majority . ' of 'them are not capable of fulfilling tlio functions of . lawyers who go through , a l-egulaf training in tlieir profession , and can attain snecessin it onl y " by years of laborious study . We should , not be surprised ' at a barrister being incompetent to lead a regiment into action ., . 'or to lay tjte plan of a scientific nailit ary operation . Why then should evenexpenenced officers be expected to be unerring in matters so much beyond the rajige of'their proper duties ? This particularly applies to the investigation of cases whi 6 li do not involve military offences ^ 3 ike the case of Mr . Harri s , for

      instance . In Jingland , an- officer whois charged ' with an offence of tho Jjihd , is tried by the civil law ; by irnpartial persons fully qualiHcd to fbrniian estimate of his guilt . If lie is proved guilty of an offence derogatory to his character , and Which brings him within reach of military , law , he is dealt witli accordingly;—and in IJngland , therefore , such anomalies as we have referred to are unlciiown . . Under the Indian system a court-niartjal never , seems to f 6 right . There is alwiys an absurd' amount of r . evising , isapproyihg , and not-coh ' ihxming . There is no confidence whatever- between the bHicers of the army , and the Department . The personal character and moral influence of a Con ^ mander-in-Chiefj of course goes very far tQwa ^ rds ^ overcoming defects of system , and securing justice as far asfprms will allow . tTndei- a man . like Sir Charles Napier many blundtrs and scandals maybe avoided : Butall : CorrunanderSin-Qhief are not Napier ' s ; and occasionally those high authorities lutvo not the weight and influence which ., should , belong to tJifeir position .

      rheref pre , as wo cannot always be sure of great men to govern , there is the more reason why the laws should be such a $ little men . inny tvdniinister with sometUjng like certainty . ,

      Untitled Article

      THE ELESSItfGS . OiP ABSURD W ^ KSATD ^ E . Tlie Liverpool Journal discusses tlio question raised by Cardinal Wiseman : " The Cardinal Archbishop wonld have the people taught only by Act of Parliament 5 and he would introduce a censorship of the preps , losfe , the good taste of , the public should , ffiil to roject wliat was upueemly . Spoalcing of the boojes , distributed througU the rural districts of France , « ho ejiplainod how it hud . lieen carried on for 800 y . careby the colp . oH ( tgH 3 wvv ,. aunuMJy , from 8 , 000 , 000 . to 0 , 000 , 000 vQluroes ,, vttrying in iiric . o from ono halfpenny to tenpenco , lmd been thua distributed , ; how little in the lapse , of ages , tliie . litomturo lmd been cJwpgedor beeu improyod ; and how , nt : Jongth , Uje GovovniDftnt of tho . present Umpwor had

      resplyea tp iiiqnire nito tjie Qlmraqtor of tho works thus oircu- « luftodj wHh t . U « . viow ofi prohibiting , such na it considered no . jwouft . o \\ fwli ^ h . C { ii the . OOUi , oi JSTovombor , 1 ^ 2 , « oominisBion h « d beon . appountQd , mid , in , consequence ,, the colpov ~ feili ' W . required to luvvo a stump of permission onovcry hpok . th . ftt lio whjd TJie publishorfl luid ; also been iuvitod to send in their publications to , bo * exjipimcd ,. and approved of rejected . Tho number of works , ino <) nsequonqo ,. auUniittot ] , hiid been 7500 , and of them throe-fourths had boon refused pormiasionto bo put in circulation . ' " Now , the books wliich hud , suffered . no . oliango ' in tlio lupso of iigoa , ' must l ) ivv \ o . hud Borne nnorit in tU « n ; , and if his eminence would pimao a moment from theology to bo

      wise , ho would ttnd tlmt the pQpulur / litorftturo whioh dolightod thoustiudB of yours , ngo , delights still , Ho will find Unit' Jack the . < 3 iunt- < Killer ' in still a fumilinr in tlio nursery , oven of tho lii ph and noble , ond that tlio ' Sleeping lJenuty in tho Wood is , a Htory thub never tiros . Tho ' ThousandattdrOnoNiglitttlisvin nvery librnry i wd ; Qriinjm ' fl * Northern Logonds , ' and Orofton Qiy ) k «« i ' fl ' Jb \» iryi T «( o » ' lmvo run through many edit ions , . haoaMBO thft w « vU | hy . wflid . tUo lournod buy thorn . Dickone lutrpducod wi iipportiuil topic iu his ? Ward Times ' but did not dovolop , it . Vucts iiiid scionco , be Bhowoil , do npt suit ; tho jnvoriMo cngacity , while tho ftbaenco of tlio knowlodgo—or nin ^ ispment , \ l you likewhich tlio instinct of tho young desires , is followod by mcntnl cona ( j < jm )» qo « , 1 ^ unlioipatod , by teaohorfl Wlmb tho young nnd t \\ tf old Btwid ' moBt in need ot » a tho cnlm-goniont of their ( syinpnthioa — a fullor

      Untitled Article

      TUS » i pleasant ajiggestlon is made X > y a corroflpondont to tho Times ; —

      " In Macaulay's History will be found the following passage : — " 'On the east" of BcgentrSfcre ^ t , opposite Gopduit-street , 1 was a field , not to be passed without a shudder by any Londonerrofi that age . Tnor-e , as in a place far from-the haunts-of . men ,, had been dugj 20 yfiar& before , wh ^ n- the great plague was raging , n pit ,. into wliich the dead carts had nightly shot corpses by scores . It was popularly believ « d- toafc the earth was deeply tainted with infection , and co . \*! 4-not be disturbed without imminent risk to human life . ' " 'this is . the . spot , which the Commissioners of . Sewejs , disregarding the warnings of Mr . Sirnon . the medjea ]

      inspector of Hie Gity of London , chose to disturb to the lowest deaths for mpntlis togethei v tuis spring . Xjie consequences we . are now . seeing . A state of things which cve ^ i in the time of the great plague would have been appalling . In one street- upwards of-100 dying from the cholera in less than threadaysi The corpses carried away in carts . for -want-of more ; suitajblfe meaps of conveyance . Scarcely a h « u . se in the district without its dead or dying . " Will not the ground in other parts be now let alone by the- commissioners till tbe epidemic bo somewhat abated ? Or sball ftesb , Hecatombs , of victims mark , at , once their energy in rnaMng sewers , and their total dxsrega , r& : o . f any sanitary or hygienic principle ? ' *

      Untitled Article

      * & > ¦ TBE LEADER . [^ mii ^ A ^

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 9, 1854, page 846, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2055/page/6/