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Leader (1850-1860), 3rd December 1853, Edition Town of 2, Page 1160, Untitled Article

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      nesses of a long exile , all tlie curses of prevailing materialism and indifference , have assailed us by turn . But we , thank God , did not flinch . We have spurned the devil and his temptations . We have seen our beacons one by one disappearing , and darkness prevailing all around us . But our guiding- star was on high , far abovtrall temporary events ; and to never missed it . There was no darkness in our soul . Despair is the darkness of the soui ; and we could not despair . We had long ago clung to things immortal : God , duty , liberty , self-sacrifice , cverh ' ving-and-progressing collective humanity . In that common faith we had grasped each other ' s hands , and no darkness could make us loosen the grasp , and nothing will . 3 ) epcnd upon me , God has blessed , not our efforts , but our

      constancy , our long-kept brotherly alliance . In Savoy , in Lombardy , in Rome , whenever there has been a summoning for us to act against lies and oppression , we have been ready to perish together . Therefore we shall , one of these days , conquer together ; and , meanwhile , let our souls , in this commemoratory evening , renew once more our alliance . Through all my feelings I do commune with you all , my proscribed brothers , and , spite of bodily absence , in faith , hope , and a firm determination of carrying on to the last the sacred struggle for truth and liberty—for the emancipation of our own countries , and for the still higher aim—¦ unity of mankind . " \ I send a short address to your Polish Central Democratic Committee . Perhaps you will be so good as to read

      it to your countrymen present . And as to tho English sympathisers who will be in the room , all that I could have said to them about the actual moment , and about the precious opportunity for reviving an active , regular , Polish agitation throughout England , will be more eloquently said by the friends and colleagues whose names are on your list . But , could I venture to suggest to you and to your countrymen the course I should wish to see adopted , I would say—Stand up resolutely on the high ground which befits our cause , and the frank straightforward men whom you want to become its supporters . Do not narrow the question to the proportions of an interest . Speak to them of duty . You are sure of having your appeal responded to . There is still lurking within the soul of every of the old sacred fire which

      honest British citizen a spark burned in the hearts of Milton and Cromwell . Stir it up boldly , and never fear . The peojrie for whom Nelson , had no other speech than the concise one— 'England expects to-day every one of her sons to do his duty , ' has not been , cannot be , corrupted by the crooked , weak , immoral policy of diplomacy . Speak to them of duty . Tell them that their actual duty is war—war for the purpose of accertaining whether Europe is to be given up -defenceless to the successive encroachments of despotism , or to be the free , orderly , peacefully-progressing God ' s Europe—war , for the purpose of solving once for all the problem of ages , whether man is to be a passive slave trampled upon by brutal organized force , or a free agent ,

      responsible for his own actions before his Maker and his fellow-brothers—war , because it is a win and a shame that interference should be always allowed to despots for evil doing , never applied by Uio good and Tree to the improvement or the protection of ( he nations—Avar , because it is unworthv of England to stand impassive by a murderous conflict , and to repeat the words of the accursed : 'Ami my brother ' s keeper ? ' "War , because nations die from dishonour as much as from tyranny—war , because it is never too late for expiating , and an expiation is wauled to the sinful , unprincipled , un-English policy which immoveably saw—nay , lent , directly or indirectly an arm tothe in 11 of , Poland , the full of Hungary , the full of Venice , the fall of Home—war , for the ; noble aim of seeing truth

      and right restored , tyranny slopped in its reckless career , nations happy and free , CJod's earth smiling anew , rclig ii , us and political liberty enthroned , mid Kn ^ lund proud and powerful , with the sympathies and blessings of benefited peoples . Tell them ' these things . Tell them that , had Poland been , hud Hungary been , hud ' Italy been , war would not now lie a sad , unavoidable necessity , a heavy duty to be fnllilled . Tell them that then ! is a unity of life in niankind which does not allow wrong to be done or tolerated without the consequences fulling , soon or lute , on l | u » whole ; that sin Cholera comes to bid us to take care that there should not , be abject , filthy , degrading poverty throughout the land , ho War oonio-i us n teaching that there ciin he no permanent pence , no mutual I rust , no Stability of human affairs , unless just ice , right ,, und liberty

      are first made the ground lor u . I rue balance of power in "Europe . And toll them , lastly , to beware . War in , in all probability , unavoidable . Let if , be for God ' s and humanity ' s sake , the war the one good , true , decisive ; battle for a high principle-- the lust buttle for ninny generations to come . Let it be the war of Kngliind , not of Lord Clarendon and Lord Aberdeen . Let fliein watch closely the conduct of their Government ; und let , them 7 iot allow English brave blood lo )> e spilt for the mere object , ol achieving a poor , immoral , transitory diplomatic contrivance , leaving the evil to grow again out , of I ( m root , n lew years after , and causes of war lo perpetuate fltcniHclvcH . They would sin <<> us , to themselves , anil to the future destinies of ICiiglimd . . Mver yours , . TONKI'II MAZ / ilNI . "

      The daily journalu make a , great , point of Htating , that tho meeting wan conducted with the utmost propriety ¦•¦ -: ih if British and foreign gentlemen and ladies Could not meet without a , faction liglil ; . But probably the National . Hull abortion obliged them to niako the remark .

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      BIt IT 1 S II M UB . J E (! TS A 15 HO A T ) . 'I'll 10 'PHOTHHTANT A I . IVl A NCIO . EvTCltv now and then wo are called upon to lift up om voioeH , and denounce the prof > TeMH of Popery abroad ; but when that pro /» re . sH wan ( irmly arrested in I , S 1 !> by the Roman n-pu licaiiH , 1 , 1 m evangelical world did nof tift up it « voioo iiyainnl Hotting up of tho l / opo again . On

      Tuesday , the Protestant Alliance met to memorialize the Government " on the aspect of Popery abroad ;" Lord Shaftesbury taking the chair , and describing , in a spirited speech , the encroachments and persecutions of the papal system in Holland , Portugal , Spain , Malta , South Germany , and Tuscany : ... •• In Portugal , he said , a , new code was promulgated on the 10 th December , 1852 , in which were these words : — ' Any one failing in respect to the religion of the country —the ' Roman Catholic Apostolic—shall be condemned to

      imprisonment from one to three years , and to a fine proportioned to his income . ' Well , so far so good , but _ observe the definition of the modo in which you may fail in respect to the religion of that country : — "' 1 st . Injuring said religion publicly in any dogma , act , or object of its worship , by deed , or word , or publication , in any form . '" 2 nd . Attempting by the same means to propagate doctrines contrary to the Catholic dogmas defined by the Church .

      "' 3 rd . Attempting by any means to make proselytes , or conversions , to a different religion , or sect condemned by the Church . "' 4 th . Celebrating public acts of a worship not that of the Catholic religion . ' " Therefore , at once , you are to be told by this kingdom of Portugal—this kingdom that , but for the intervention of this country , under God ' s providence , would long since have been wiped , in more than one instance , out of the map of the world—you , the people of England , are to be told , that of you go to reside in Lisbon , or in any part of the dominions of Portugal , and if you celebrate public acts of vour worship in the most simple , the most decent , and the * most orderly and even private manner , you will be imprisoned from one to three years , with a fine proportioned to your incomes .

      "Lot us pass next to the island of Malta . Here is a possession of our own , which , under our Government , has attained the greatest comfort and independence . A new code has been issued by that self-government which we have allowed to the island of Malta , and which , as conquerors , we might have taken from the island . It has issued a decree , in which it declares that any contemptand , mark you , the definition of contempt is left in the breasts of those persons who' administer the law—there is nothing clear , nothing prescribed ,. nothing certain ; but any contempt manifested towards any of the doctrines , rites , or ceremonies of the Roman-catholic religion , is to be punished by periods of imprisonment from three to six , and I think even twelve months . ' . '" -. " In March last , the Grand Duke of Tuscany emitted a new deoree . This decree contains 300 articles . So diffuse

      is it , that it is difficult to read it—so complicated , that it is impossible to remember ; but its leading principle is , that words , acts—nay , even thought , is interdicted to those living tinder the Government of the Grand Duke of Tuscany . Speaking to a wife , or a son , or a daughter ; or writing to a relative or friend at home on religious doctrines—not on controversial—not on polemical subjectsbut on purely religious doctrines—is , according to the will of tho Jesuit confessor who advises the Grand Duke , converted into an offence against the Roman-catholic Church , subjecting the person so offending to five or ten years ' hard labour , and in some instances to death—for the penal code has been revived—to death by the hatchet on tho scaffold . ( ITear , hear . ) Is this to be permitted ? Is tho

      Grand Duke of Tuscnny to exercise such a power over the British subject ? Wo do not question the right of an independent country to mako laws for its own subjects , but wo claim the right to prescribe tho conditions on which we will bold intercourse with such a country —\ ve claim the right to prescribe- the conditions on which her Majesty ' s representative shall lend the Hanction of his high authority at the Court of such a Sovereign as the Grand Duke of Tuscany . ( Applause . ) We maintain , that where the representative of ihe Queen is found , there the British subject is entitled to protection . ( Applause . ) I say , that if I he Grand Duke proscribes tho conditions under which foreigners may reside ! in his dominions , we will reply , ' you nre justified in doing so , but wo will also prescribe our conditions—the conditions on which we will hold intercourse

      with you—tho conditions on which her Majesty h representative shall remain at your Court , and lend you tho sanction of bis great , name and character . ' . ( Applause ) I will at once admit , that our course- would bo far easier if our residents in Florence worn to murk their nonso of deep feeling that the sovereign of those realms should bo guilty of such offences towards unoffending Protestants ; but when we find them paying him reverence with adulation— -I speak- not of the duo Hiibininsion to the sovereign—but of fulsoino adulation - ( bear , hear ) - —and hastening in dis-1

      gustingrivalry to kiss the hand that in hardly cool after signing Hitch a decree an thin-- ( hear , bear)—when we find them pressing with eagerness to gain bis countenance , and to bask in his favour ; when we liiid all this , can wo wonder that the Grand l ) uko , whose faculties are not of a , very superior order ( hear , bear , and laughter ) - should be so tar misled an to believe more ! in tho flattery of those who throng to bin presence than in tho speeches made in an asstouibl y Much as this , a . nd that he , therefore , goes on from day to day under a religious and a secular delusion r "'

      At tho ( iloHo Lord ? Shafteslmry grew revolutionary :- ~ ' ¦ " The business of tho day nhould nof , close without an expression of hope thai , our exertions hereafter whall not bo limited to the fioH of fellow-oitizoiiHhip , and to one nation ami one language-our joy hIiouIiI bo to support the spirit of I ' roteMlnntiiiin all over the world ; and I beliovo if we pernevero in thin ( ' [ fort , wo Hindi not want noble and vigorouH allies on tho other huIo of tho water : wo shall meet with tho assistance and tho Hymputhy of tho American nation ; and if limy |> , with un , God bo pruimul , I can snap niy fingers at all tho . Powers of Europe . Why nhould wo be Ichh bold than Klizuboth . wohP I lave we less luounH , Iosb nccctiuities , Uwj lionet ) i' Why . oliould wo bo

      behind Cromwell ?; Why should we be inferior to the statesmen of 1704 , who demanded and obtained prote ction for the people who dwelt in the valleys ? Why should we be less energetic than our noble Prime Minister , who in his despatch to Lord Stratford , used these memorable words— ' To maintain the rights of a fellow religionist is a paramount duty from which I will never recede . ' Tho responsibility which rests upon us is clear , serious , and inevitable ; and , under the blessing of God , we shall not be found wanting to such complete means , and to so glorious a consummation . " ( Loud applause . ) The other speakers were Sir Culling Eardley , the Reverend Canon Miller , and other gentlemen well known in their own circles . A memorial to Lord Clarendon , containing the following passage , was agreed to : — -

      The committee " conceive that no political complication or difficulty could result from its . being , made distinctly known that Great Britain will not maintain diplomatic relations with any State which shall persist in deny ing to British subjects within its territory the free exercise of their religion , with liberty to possess places of worship for their own use , as well as p laces of interment , and to have the rites of baptism , marriage , and burial performed among themselves without hindrance or compulsory secresy . To demand less than this measure of liberty and justic e , as the condition of continued diplomatic relations , would seem not consistent with the high position and moral claims of England . In the case of any alleged offence on the part of British subjects against the Church established in those countries , by the peaceable avowal of their own religious convictions , the penalties affixed by the codes above-mentioned , are , it is conceived , wholly unjustifiable , and inconsistent with the admitted principles of international law .

      " The committee conceive that , if the refusal of any power to comply with these righteous demands should lead to the cessation of such diplomatic intercourse , no danger would necessarily result to the trade and commerce of this country , as no ground for war . would arise out of it , and as the Government of the United States finds it quite practicable to protect the American trade with Europe by means of Consuls where they have no resident Ministry . " At the close Lord Shaftesbury took an especial occasion to point out that their warfare was not against the Roman Catholics , but against the Church and the Court of Rome . After that he is bound to support Roman nationality .

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      THEATRE OF WAR IN ASIA . ( From the Daily News . ) The mission of the two Turkish armies in Asia is to break the circle of iron in which General Woronzoff has for years been endeavouring to confine the Caucasian insurrection . Abdi Pacha , leaving Erzeroum , is to penetrate into the valley of the Rioni , and to march straight before him on to Coutais , and from thence on Tiflis . Selim Pacha is charged to operate on the coast of the Black Sea , and to restore to Scbamyl his liberty of action and of obtaining stores . In Asia , the frontier territories of Russia and Turkey divide themselves , in a military point of view , into two distinct theatres of operation . It is the high ridge , or rather concatenation of ridges , connecting the Caucasus with the table-land of Central Armenia , and dividing the waters that ran toward tho Black Sea from those which the Araxes leads to the Caspian Sea , or the Euphrates to the Persian Culf ; it if ) this ridgo which formerly parted Armenia from Pontus , that now forms the partition of tho two distinct districts where tho war is to be waged .

      This range of abrupt and generally barren rocks is traversed by very few roads—the two principal of which are those from Trebisond and Batun to Erzeroum . Thus for all military purposes , the hills in question may be considered as nearly impassable , forcing both parties to have distinct corps on either side , operating more or Ichh independently of each other . The country on the shore of the Black Sea is intersected by a number of rivers and mountain torremfl , which form an many military positions for defence . Both the itiMHiswiH and the Turks have fortified pontH on important points . In this generally broken country , ( tho valley of tho river Rioni ia tho only one . which

      _ forms anything like a plain ) , a defoiiHivo war might be carried on with great huocokh agaiiiHt a superior anuy ( as very low potations are liable to bo turned on the land Hide , on account of the mountain . s ) , were it not for the co-operation , of tho respective fleeto . Jty : lfl ' vancing , and , in caHO of need , landing troopH , upon tho flank , of tho enemy , wliilo the army engages him m front , a licet might turn all these strong i > oHitioiiH ; < oiii ! by one , and neutraline , if not destroy , fortification : ! which , on neither Hide of tho frontier , art ) very rc-Hpeotablo . TbiiH the poHHOHHion of the Black Se : u : o : isl ,

      bolongn to him who ih master of the tnea . Tlio country in tho interior , on tho inland Hide , oi tho mountairiH , oompriHOH tho territory in whioH , uw Euphrates the AraxeH , and the Km- ( Cyrun ) , take then Who ; fho Turkish province , of Armenia m on tho oik , tlit ) K . unmiui province of Oeorgia on tho other Hid" <> tho frontier . TIuh country , too , ih extremely im » n »" tainouH , and generally impn . HHahlo toarmien . . hr / . oroiun on flit , part of tho Turk ,., Tiflin on the part o tin RiiHHiaiiH , may bo Haiti to bo tho two iinn >« d < a , to _ l > aHt , c of operatioiiH , " with the Iohh of which tho , > ohm «! HHH » i . j » i tho wholo neighbouring country would ho "" W ™'"* b ) Ht . TlniH tho HtormhiL' of Eiv . eiouin by tho luiHHHiliH

      decided tho A Hiatio campaign of I H 2 !> . Hut what in tho immediate baBin of operation lor o party , will bo tho direct object of operation ** to uu

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      1160 THE LEADER . [ Sl ^ tjrft £ > A ^

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 3, 1853, page 1160, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2015/page/8/