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    JJ0rtf0lk

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    ^^ fs ^^^^ iiii ^ w ""^"""""*""* " * '"^ " . ""¦ nomter vraaoriginatt ^^^^ mMf % l ^—and the ^ ufiou ? /^ n ^ Dt . ^ n ^ . jDi ^ f ^ o ^^^ . ^ Ses ^ i W 4 fea ^ e Ge ^ oy ^ S i i i / Hyftire w | lt find "W ^ f ,. ^ . ^ m ^ 'F ^ H ^^ # W * i ^ Tft # § en from timetio ' fim&kd ^ &v ^ o £ : . the- germi the i ^ jl or ^ jitiyje , cpnc ^ tip ri ; of ; $ pige ^ e 3 JL $ > ' $ '¦ gradual wganic Jieyplppm ^ nt h > ^^^ d ^ m- - ^^' ' ^ $ ^^? n ^ t - " ^ ft 'ftlHwfe *^ ^^! * "fc 1 ^ n ^^^^ S ^ £ P 4 -. fiOR »« P ^ P ¥ K .- ¦ «* v * * . P' »« -: e ^ teri ^' ger ^ s ; - * ^ fi ^ 'Witlx ' tlie ^ d ~ o ? ^ ep ^ c-qy ' j-Si IJi |^ peV g ^^ ^ w ^ p f ^ arr ^ edo deyelopmeny ^ j ^^ M ^^ fyr ? ft'Sffi ^ ^^^^^ W ^ Wy- ; v ; i !'> ' ( . ; : " * -- , J ... .. : ! . -r' I ¦ - V V .--,.- ; . ' « Thus we i ?» K i 0 ofi& Wgpr * or rtUe iDevil ' g- , lu ? fc > . ,, representing . the . Theological miiitj \^ fe »( t < xlii ^ % ^^ i ^ : ; g ^^ % « representj ] igr the ; Jrletaphysical spirit }; and , f ^ Uy .,. 5 4 rr ^ t jj £ d ^ ¦;/ , i ;> . ; ,. » : ;

    " Having multiplied . examples from Scienceylet Ineclose theseillastfatnons byoivd from Politics . So completely are men in the Theological and . Metaphysical stages , with respect to the Science of Sbcjlety , that , i ^ n 6 rmg all law's arid' conditions of grov «? th-andcdevelepmmt , ih 6 y alftioattiniVersally lielieve in the absurd notion o £ a political ^ change : b ^ ng > wj * Q » gbfc by ? an alteration in the / Goverhraentj oi « by the adopv tion of some scheme . For example , they believe that to make ; society B ^ pnblican ; we must adopt the forms of a Republic ; not seeing that when these forms of government are ^ v 6 n ? to > &m&im ) instead 6 ftffrovDiftg bftt of the nafcidrtal tendencies and ideas / , they , are ? me ^ olyrie w -name 3 given to ^ M ' i ealitili 3 ^ The beliefJ is a remnant : of the olditheblogibail ^ im ^ A ^ kw ? ^ conception ^ which supposes irid tt to be external to the social organism , instead of being an integral portion of "itr We must replace this mechanical : by a' dyWaitiirial cidheeptioh , and understand that the social organism has its ^ lawsofg ^ dvvtn ' a ' nfTdevelopment , like the human organism . . '' And , here , ; let , r me Uhjsttfate - Coulters . fundamental Law of Evolution ; by ah analogy taken ifrQm , the Jwnian organism ; ., Toid © this ,, hbwijl ' be necessary -first to ¦¦ f

    ^ p lainone ; pf the laws ofe Embryology . * -If . } r . ' - > -c . t < r- >; . • ¦• ; /•;»> : ¦ ¦ ¦ : ¦ •'¦¦ : ¦ - •'^ ; i ¦¦'¦ , "JEpery ., fyn < tfiQn isvsuccessively . ex&outetk 3 > y two soirietimcsmore ) organs < r < of whi $ h , ayfi is < / primiiiw * iraitsitbry , provisional ; : I the , ' other > seconder if * 'dkfinvtv&e , jperttianeniiJy , •; . < , y > ~^< iin . -:: \ ¦ '¦ . ; ¦ ¦ : >"; ¦ ¦¦; ¦>•¦ ' ; -. tf- .- ; ' - ; ¦ ' :--h . ^ i <[' . <¦ - ¦ >• . •• '• ¦ *( -: 1 i ; ' " ( ' ¦'¦' I ? - f . ' , , ¦ ' , ' - ' Theirchia . always ^ a ; reltitw *; between these > two organs , <~ -a > : relation ¦ not only- of function , but of development and duraf ^ ii > . rThe : yrotjiLsio » tt ^ orgurt , first supplies the place of the permanent organ , then coexists with it , during the earlier phases of the : ltttter * s evolution ;'; " and ; ' finally ; wfcM' ' the $ ^ rinanerifc organ has ' acijuirfed due

    development , the provisional organ-oiijhbi- ceases its 'function- altogether , or performs it uacpmpltffcely .., -Some = of these ; provisional ; organs * , such \ as . inilfo tieeth ; &nii- t \ ie dotwi which is . afterwards ,. replaced , by hair , separate ^ lein . selv . es £ ^ pin their successors , falling aw ^ y to make rooni . ^ r ^ them ., Others are absorbed , and become , diminished to a ' rudimentary condition / or jenexe zero r such are the h ' rancMce , always present , in tadpoles ^ arid nofcv known to coexist with the lungs * o £ many of ine tiigh ' er verfcebrata ; such , illsby a ? e the opticMobes of tlie Brah ^ at first the principal''brgaiis ' of tlib ' ericephalpn , but ! which gradually diminish as ! the cerebral 'hemispheres dievelope > arid finally present the rudimentary , epn # tton > observed , in <; the , -human . ' ¦ brain , i as -the corpora quadrigemina ; such , also , are the thymus gland and the foetal tail , which disappear , and the renal capsules and thyroid gland , which diminish .

    " Again , in the development of the embryo . we . distinguish # jree forms of circulation entirely different ; the first form of circulation is coincident with the formation of the blastoderriia and the umbilical Vesicle ; the second form commences with the first appearance ' of the allantoid , and development Of the placenta ; tho third form with the development of lungs , intestines , and organ 3 of relation , These three forms , be it observed , are characterized by the creation of new vascular systems , and the atrophy of those which preceded them . " These examples might be multiplied , but it will be enough to sum up the results of embryological research on this point in the two following propositions : — " 1 . That every lliing which is primitive is only provisional , lit least in the higher animals ; and everything that is permanent has only been established secondarily , and sometimes tertiarily .

    " 2 . That , consequently , the emhryo of the higher animals successively renews its organs and its characteristics , through a series of metamorpJtoses which give it permanent conditions , not only different , but even directly contrary to those which it had primitively . " Now , among the innumerable striking antilogies between the development of the Human and the Social Organism it seems to me wo must place this law of provisional development . The three phases , Theological , Metaphysical , and Positive , through which Humanity necessarily passes in its growth , represent the Primitive , Transitory , and Permanent phases of the organism . The analogy is perfect in nil its details , and I invite the student to follow out its various applications : he will then arrive at the full conviction of what can only hero be indicated , —namely , that the Theological and Metaphysical phases are provisional organs in the development of Humanity . "

    The second shall be a rectification of a common error respecting the inability of animals to convert inorganic matter directly into their o > vn substance : —¦ " It may bo well here to state ono of the funamental laws of assimilation , which wo owe , I believe , to Chcvreul : — " There is an intimate relation between the chemical composition of an aliment and the organism which it nourishes . " A plant or an uniinal may bo nourished in two way . s : 1 st , when attached to

    the parent as need or embryo ; 2 nd , when neparatcd from the parent , and drawing » ta food from the surrounding medium . On unulyzing the proximate , princijdes contained in the seed or egy , we find them , belonging to tins principal . typos wuIjhoqnently found in the developed being . , And if—in pumijng iVom pvipurpuu to mumtiinerouH animals ^—wo examine the young animal in refereneo to the , iniUc which for » long whilo forms ita entire nourishment , we find u ' perfyet corrcHpondonco between * he aliment and the titnicture . The proximate principles of milk are ' fitted to co mbine molecule 4 , 0 molecule with the imnciplo . s—exactly correuponding or unu IogonH— . already existing in the organs they are to nouriah . '

    " If we consider the plant weparated from . its parent and the- animal separated from its parent , we detect at onee u capital distinction in their power of assimilating " ulwtuneo from the external world . The plant , wim pler in itH organization , in able to iissimUntc water and gun ; 911 the other baud , thu . intmnro noeosHury for ita oomploto development presents organic matters , i ^ pre or leas altered at tho moment of Ontrunce .

    \ i 'itIn . passing ; f ? PDDt tine plant > tb the anamalj we observe that'the mbro complex the organization ,, ^ he ,. ^^ ^ . complex ! aT ^ , tiie aljment 3 which nourish it ; and the more ajialog . pus a ^ e the ^ prpxim ^ te . pripciple ^ to the principles , of the organs they sustain . Thus we * see that plants ar ^ nourished by water ( ] carbonic acid ,, and othergases and organic ' riiatter ^^ Jfcne sti ' ape of mdn'iire / that ' is tb say , reduced to simpler and more solubib principles )^* oii th 4-ijofntrary , ; iinimals mord cPriiplex' and more elevated in ifoe oTgdMd scaledii heed : matteuffmore complex in prPximate principles , and conseq ^ xitljimore ^ a ^ e ^! itL ' pi !^ e ^ e $ . 1 . : ii (> . ; , ¦ ¦ ¦ . : ¦ ¦ _] ^ ^^^ i g ht ^ mpdificati ^ , pf the foregoing s ^ ateinent is necessary , and one which not

    lpads me to correct anerror . almost ; if quite universal ; the error , namely , of supposing thai :-Animalsi are 'distinguished from Plants , by their inability to nourish themselves directly with th ' e materials' furnished by the external world . That Plants lean ; convert inorganic substancea into then- own substance , but that Animals haye no such ppwerT- ^ requiring , the ^ intervention of plants lor . that purpose , —is a prpp ^ sitijpn to be ; met \ vith as beyond a doubt in every book on . physiology . ' \" . The prppositiori is erroneous ; it , is too absolute . The portion of truth it contains is this ' : ariimais caiinbt' nourisli themselves solely by materials taken directly firdtn the inorganic world , in ¦ the way plants nourish themselves by the air , water , and ; alkalies dhrpctly furnished theftvv .

    ; , " But does ithisr-. rn . ean- more / than that complex structures , by reason of their com > plexity ^ , c ^ miot ; be , built upi . in . tlie same wny-as the simple ? If animals were nourished in the ( same way and on the same materials as plants , we should not find sucn immense differences between theni . ' ¦ '*' Ordinary experience is sufficierit to sliqw- ^ when once the idea is started and the old' ' assurisptibri ^ which 'irieri "have received unquestioned , is questioned—that animals ; besides converting 1 ' organic BUbstdnces into their own tissue , do also cony ^ st . inopganicisnbatanees info : their / own ; tissue with a-precision and an abundance sqavfiely \ , surpasspd ; by , ; pljants ^ They take , the oxygen , directly from the air to

    vitalize , t ; heir bjood , ; they take ; thq water directly from the spring j they take salts iii ' their food and oiit of it ; they take up iron , and various mineral substances , indirectly , if yOu wili— -i . e ., in their food ; but , nevertheless , if you deprive the food of its inorganic siibs'tawces the animal willperish : Nay , we see by the example of Birds thatichalkas : necessary to 'life ; ; In M ; GliossafS experiments , pigeons were depHy $ d of itll ehalky subatances- not actually in the com lie fed them with . At first they fattened and grew heavier . , At the end of three months they augmented tlieir quantity of drink— -as much , as . eight times their previous quantity . They suffered frojiri diarrhoea par hisujfisance de principles calcaires . Finally they died , being utterly unable to sustain life without a certain amount of chalk . '

    - ' <* Every physiologist knows the large proportion of inorganic substances in the organic tissues ; especially water and phosphate of lime . Water forms nearly e : ghty per cent , of oui ; bodies ; and there is no evidence that any portion of this water is formed in the body , ., . " We have only to consider what the Law ~ of Assimilation is , to sec at once tho real ' nature of '' tihti pfop ' ositiori resp ' ectirig Animals and Plants . The Law of Asfeiriiilatiori'dc \ Vendi » g /! tt'the chemical relation between aliment and structure , it follpv ; S ; jtlia 1 i itlie jiaore ' complex : the structure the more complex must be the food : hence , the reason w , byrAniu » ala cannot nourish themselves solely wish the aliments which suffices for the simpler structures of Plants .

    " 1 , 'he gradation is as follows : —The simplest plants need only anorganic substances ; ' the higher plants need those substances , and also certain meroganic substances , the debris of organic matter—manure . The lower animals need anorganic , merorganie , arid teleorganic substances—air , water , salts , plants , &c . The higher animals also need these , but in different proportions—with greater preponderance of tho teleorganic in proportion as the organization of the animal is more comp lex—( Herbivora , Carnivora ) . So that we must modify Comte ' s definition of animals , ' organized beings nourished by matters which have once lived , ' as distinguished from Plants , ' organized beings nourished by matters which have not lived , ' and insert the word mainly into the definition .

    " Following out tins Law of Assimilation , we sec the reason of the results obtained by Magendie—viz ., that no organic substance will by itself suffice for aliment ; nor , indeed , will ull the organic substances together snffice if deprived of the other proximate principles—i . e ., the inorganic . It is obvious that the body , which is composed of three classes of principles , cannot be nourished by an aliment containing only one of these . Hence the fallacy of Liebig ' s celebrated argument respecting the non-nutritive properties of gelatine—an argument , moreover , in direct contradiction with tho principles he has himself laid down ; gelatine alone is not nutritive , nor is albumen alone , nor fat alone , nor salts alone .

    " Finally , it is owing to the relation between Aliment and Structure that tho organism separates tho food into two portions , one of which it absorbs into \ tn interior , the other it rejects as unfit for use . And we trace the operation of tho same law in . tho formation of tho special tissues . Tho blood in tho blastema from which ono and all select their nourishment ; but each selects that only which bear * the duo relation to it . "

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    a clack mimmmi " Mif name ? Coster . Age ? Fifty-four . When I am twelve , sold by uncle , 'long wid my brothel-, to white man , and put in ship ' s hold . —Know whut white man going to do with me ? Expected ho was going to eat mo . Day gave ua no food first three Hays of the voyago ; we wonder if white mau going to cat us , ho no keep u « fafc . Fourth day offered corn to eat ; no eat it ono of us , saying , * we no fatten to make nice dish for white mai > * Jnck ! juelc ! JNo think what ' come of us if they enl us . Think we ho no more . We say , *' course , if they eat us , wo bo in white inan ' a belly ! ' Juck ! Juck !

    " Whore we think we go to when wo die ? To the ground , and then all over ! Am a ChritJtinn now , and know other than that . Well , it was comi ' ablo to think it all over ! Uncle no well me , if ho think him roastjuck I jugk 1—WJmt Mm gell mo fov ? JUvery ono sell Jiiin , ho cno « Think

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    ' Qm&tv % Jk 1853 . ] ^^ Ife -i ^ JL i&aaRi : ' - ¦ . 955 .. . > ' i ..-A ' - - " " J ¦ J . ¦ ¦ . _ ^ . . . . : _ _ -- ' . -I .., , ... ' '

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    Wo should do our utracat to oncoirra fto tho Boautiful , for tho Unoful oncom- ^ oa ltfiol V . GOKTHK .

    Jj0rtf0lk

    JJ 0 rtf 0 lk

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 1, 1853, page 955, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2006/page/19/