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Leader (1850-1860), 17th September 1853, Edition Town of 2, Page 891, Untitled Article

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      roposed that a train should not bo allowed to go from one station until the next had signalled that the line was lear . T > r . Statham suggested that a train should have ° \ i \ S 9 , zn& that it should spread them out when it wanted to stop . He also proposed to stop the engine by a mao-netic current along the rails . Mr . Oldhairi attributed , accidents to the use of old and worn engines for work which they could only do when new . Mr . Nelson said , that , according to the present proportion of accidents to the population , a man has to travel 960 years before he meets with an accident . An unknown gentleman proposed to diminish the force of collisions

      by supplying the buffers with something padded and soft in the shape- . of ¦ ¦¦ boxing-gloves / Mr . Locking ( a railway secretary ) blamed the public themselves for their want of punctuality in not arriving early at stations , and , therefore , delaying the trains . Mr . Fairbairn read an essay on the causes of boiler explosions . It is not very clearly summarised in the daily papers ; but its conclusion seems to be , that the boiler which exploded at Longside should not have exploded , according to scientific calculations . A curious paper , on the corrosion of iron ships by sugar cargoes , was read

      by Dr . Gladstone . An essay on a currency composed of Exchequer bills , issued by the State , and accepted as taxes , was read by Mr . Francis Bennoch . A paper on reaping machines was read by Mr . Crosskill : he gave the highest honour to Mr . Bell , as the earliest inventor of the best machine . On social and commercial questions the papers were interesting , though not numerous . The Reverend James Selkirk , chaplain of Hull Gaol , traced crime

      mainly to drunkenness ; and said , that every Saturday evening no less than 10 , 000 people got drunk in Glasgow . English gaols now hold 16 , 000 prisoners , and Scotch gaols , 2700 . In a paper on the supplies of gold , Mr . Newmarch stated , that , from 1848 to 1852 , the world's stock of gold had increased ten per cent , by the Oalifornian and Australian production . Mr . Locke read an interesting pnper , on Irish emigration , and Irish social facts . During the six years ended 1852 , 1 , 313 , 226 persons have left the spheres of Ireland . During the last years the emigration has

      decreasedthe "thousands" in these years being , respectively , 45 , 42 , and 86 . Irishmen abroad sent home , in 1851 , 090 , 000 ? ., and in 1852 , 1 , 404 , 000 / . Industry is progressing in Irish workhouses , and out of doors . In 1852 , " murder" had decreased' forty-one percent . ; and in the propert y sold under the Incumbered Estates Act , there had been but three agrarian crimes within the last three years . Tipperary assizes used to last ten days , with a special commission to complete the clearance of criminal : last assizes the business did not take five hours .

      Mathematics were represented by several papers . There was one on the trigonometrical survey , contributed by Sir John Burgoyne ; and a paper on the specula of reflecting telescopes , read by its author , Mr . kollott . Some very interesting information as to the nppoiirances of the moon , as revealed by moans of photographic pictures , painted by moonlight itself , was given in an essay , read by Professor Phillips , and in a Hiiljsequcnt discussion . By tlio reflecting and magnifying powers now within our reach , wo can sec an " [ ijeet in tlie moon as big as an ordinary house on earth . Mr . Hopkins remarked , that we will very soon be much better acquainted with most of the- characteristic

      det'lils of the geology of the moon than we will be of the <¦ nW . li . Tho distance of tho moon gives us great facilities ; one is shown in the possibility of obtaining a good tri gonometrical survey , and another in found in ' 0 fact , that wo can peep into craters , and so forth . 1 } ( - ' « Sy , in its abstract department , wna treated of > y 1 rofessor Sedgwick , who revived tho controversy '"' tween himself and Sir Roderick Murohison as to tho

      Mmoa " Cambrian" and " Lower Silurian" for the JMiaioiKnc rocks of Groat Britain . In a moro practical ' . ' { ' scienco was illustrated by Mr . Calverfc , who hi that gold was found in forty countiea in this " l [ . he might have added " boroughs" 1 , and over " > nvosi of 50 , 000 square miles . The west and north niu-1 Ml ' th ° mul norlh of In " 'l »" > wo tl >« l > wi ' i " ? < riHtriot - Onl . V < wo of our gold fields have hull' W . Oll ~~ fcho L « narlMhiro , to tho extent of nearly mihi " , IOI 1 > an ( I * l > o Wicklow , which has produced k " < l worth 100 , 000 ^

      Cssil h « to ffn » pliy thoro were goino very interesting nlistr i y ° ' Htlltcm «» t 9 were elucidations of "H-ntfo ' | P ° rtie 3 of % Mj l >" t Mi-. Robert Hunt Jliint a l" ' nctica 11 f »« fc - Soino years since , Mr . «» M- | - ui , < I ' . 0 V 011 to his ° wn BntiHfiiotion that light of n whii ,- , '' ( Huch » w m produced by transmission of "ntioi ' i r tllro » K » cobalt blue glnsn ) aids tho gerimttdinlm l T ' ° " thia s » b . J t ; efc Mr - Marshall , of «» ut hi ' ,, rcco " fcly tostiifcd , in a letter to Mr . »>» mm ¦ < liscovory in worth to them 500 / . per ' »«« shib tho vitality of tropical seeds from 30

      to 90 per cent . M . Claudet read a paper on photographs made for the stereoscope . The last general meeting for the season was held in the Mechanics' Institution on Wednesday , when a report of the proceedings of the general committee was laid before the ladies and geutlemen present . At the conclusion of this portion of the business , Mr . Phillips entered into a detail relative to tEe attendance at the meeting . He stated that they had , during the week , entered on their register 141 old life members , 13 new life members , 59 old annual subscribers , 58 new annual subscribers , 368 associates , 236 ladies , and six foreigners , making a total of 881 persons , from whom there had been received 904 ? . There had also been received for

      books and other publications of the society 221 ., making the total receipts 926 ? . Colonel Sabine also informed the company that the receipts had exceeded the expenses of the meeting by nearly 37 OZ . Thursday was devoted to pleasure-seeking—one party of nearly 300 proceeded on a visit to Lord Londesborough , at Cirri mston-park ; and another , somewhat smaller , to view the wonders of Flamborough-head , dining on their return with the mayor and corporation of Beverley .

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      HOTELS : FOREIGN AND BRITISH . The extortions of our innkeepers have been continuously exposed in daily letters to tlie Times . From all parts of the country come complaints . A gentleman and his wife stopped at a humble-looking hotel iu a narrow street in the Strand . They got a small bedroom on a higher story , a lunch of cold meat aucl mutton-chops , eggs and chops again with tea , and breakfast the next morning . 11 . 12 s . Qd . was the charge . " A . B . C . " gives a specimen of the charges for a single man for a single night at the Calverley Hotel , Tunbridge Wells . " The apartments are charged 7 s . Qd ., because they have no coffee-room ; wax candles are charged Is . Qd ., but I undertake to say there is no such thing in the house . Add Qd . for the 'boots / and the charge for servants alone , for one night , is 3 s . " At the Royal Victoria Hotel , St . Leonard's , Sussex , a gentleman and his wife suffered severely . The following was their bill : — .

      Dinners , 8 s . ; ale , 6 d . ; sherry , 3 s . ; teas , 3 s . ; apartments , 9 s . ; wax , Is . Gd . ; attendance , 4 s . ; breakfasts , 5 s . ; prawns , Is . " The dinner consisted of a chicken , vegetables , and a cabinet pudding : the wine , short ; in quantity , at 72 s . per dozen , was a manufactured article which . I cannot describe . The breakfast , two and a half cups of coffee , two slices of bacon , and one egg ; the prawns were not ordered , and appeared to have earned many previous shillings . The waiter said tho charge for attendance was not enough . " Another letter is so good that we give it entire : — " I have just returned from a tour of the lake districts and North Wales , and beg to add tho result of my experience in hotel charges . My . party consisted of myself , two ladies , and a maid , and wo passed tho first night at tho Queen ' 3 Hotel , in Birmingham . I annex a copy of our small account : — £ s . d . Dinners 0 1 . 3 6 Moselle O 11 O Teas 0 4 G Servant's tea 0 10 Apartments and attendance ... ... 0 10 0 Waxlights ... .. ' 0 2 0 Breakfasts 0 7 C > Three cups of coffee in apartments ... 0 1 G Servant's supper ... ... ... ... O 1 0 Servant's breakfast ... ... ... ... 0 1 6 £ 3 0 G "Wo had two bedrooms , and the maid was put into a sort of den adjoining tho ladies' room , all well peopled with vermin . Aa for tho wine , for which wo paid tho aristocratic price of 11 . f ., all I can say for it is , that it wau produced in a foreign bottle with an . English cork , avid that my Coblontz wino merchant furnishes me with much better Moselle , in bond in tho London docks , for 2 ( 5 . s \ a Jozen . Although tho hotel bill-heading declared that tho ' changes include chambermaid , waiters , porters , and attendance of every description , ' I was Holicitod by each and every one of them for douceurs when 1 took my departure . "On looking ovor my accounts , I find that tho average of my hotel expenses haw been 21 . 10 s . par diem , exclusive of douceurs to servants and tho charges for boats and carriages . I travel much on tho continent , and between Boulogne and Naples , by various routes , have usually paid from thirty-fivt ) to forty francs per diem for tho entertainment of my party , although I wont into my own carriage , and had an expensive courier as an attendant . For theso Hums I have always had better accommodation , bettor food , " and bettor attendance than . 1 havo inofc with in England ., During my late trip I havo always paid from 0 s . to 7 s a day "for wine , being abou t , double tho J / ondon price . Tho quantity furnished was seven , or KometimoH eight wine- glasses full , nerved in a decanter ; and I discovered that tho expression of a wish that the wino should bo put , on tablo in tho original black bottle was received an nn impertinence Whilo on tho subject of wino , I may art well add that I invariably found that a jug of tablo beer , containing , nor- lvaps , throo half-pints , figured next morning in tho bill an " alo , Is . " m . - ¦ ¦ ^ But tho chnrgos for carriagoa arc on a atill moro magni-

      Nicholas at New York , and the Tremonfc and Revere at Boston ,, which , during the present ; year , have raised their charges to two and a half dollars . This two-dollar charge includes house-room , servants , bed , breakfast , dinner , tea or supper ( sometimes both ) , and in the western cities conveyance to and from the railway or steamboat . The _ convenience of this uniformity , in enabling the traveller to estimate his expenses prospectivcly , is not its greatest advantage . It prevents the imposition so common in European hotels , where a bill is inflamed by unforeseen " extras , " from 3 s . or 4 s . for waxliglits down to three sous for eveillee , or knocking 3 ou up in a morning , which some of the Swiss extortioners demand of their victims . "

      After pointing out the comfort of the American dinners , and the superior style of the hotel fittings , ho adds : — " I travelled for exactly twelve months in the United States , Canada , and Cuba—and of the former visited every State except California and Maine . I was accompanied by my wife , and the entire expenses of our journey , including voyage out and home , and a loss of ovor f > 0 dollars on a re-sale of horses in Texas , did not exceed G 5 QI . Tho total distance travelled was more than 2- "> , 000 miles . Could you havo travelled as far in Europe , and boon out so long , for so little money ?"

      Communications appear testifying ' to the civility and cheapness experienced at two Scotch hotels—namely , Phelp ' s Royal Hotel , Bridge of Allan , and the Commercial Hotel , Galashicls . The following- presents a . piquante contrast : — "At Birmingham we-went to the theatre by daylight , and , retm-ning a little after 11 o ' clock , I asked in the hall for 'bed candles , ' with which wo proceeded at once to our dormitory . On passing the door of our sitting-room , 1 saw ft waiter lighting a pair of candles , which lit ; immediately Mew out . TIicbo figured in our bill as ' wax-lights , 2 s . Or / . !' At Cheltenham I happened to sets BOmo line-looking oranges in a burrow under tho window , and directed tho waiter to buy three , for which I . saw him pay 4 A

      Wo do not remember any pussage in tho Canterbury Pilgrimage bearing hardly upon Mine Host of the Tabard , that princo of innkeepers , for his extortions . His descendants have forgotten him .

      ficent scale . At one of the first inns in North Wales I had a one-horso car for a few hours' excursion—that is to say , 2 £ hours going , two hours returning , and an intermediate rest of a couple of hours . Tho cost was as follows : — _ ¦ £ s . d . £ - ... ... ... iio Hay , corn , and postboy ' s eating ... v . 0 3 6 Ostler . .. ... ... ... ' ... oi . 0 . Postboy ' s mileago ... . . .. ... ... 0 5 0 "No wonder that Englishmen prefer travelling-on the continent to seeiug the beauties of their own country . " I am , sir , your obedient servant , "A TltAVEI / LElt . " Though smallest , in its way , one of the sharpest pieces of extortion is that told of tlie Ship Hotel , Dover . The victim writes : — "I had arrived from Calais , in company with a friend , and during the quarter of an hour that elapsed between the arrival of the boat and the departure of the train for London we remained at the Ship , and ordered a mutton chop and glass of sherry , for which we were "Jet in" for the sum of 9 s . ( id . in the following items : — s . d . Supper ( three mutton chops ) ... ¦ ... ... 5 ( 5 Apartment and waxlights ... ... ... 1 6 Attendance ... ... ... ... ... 1 G Wine ( two glasses of bad sherry ) ... ... 1 0 9 6 " And this for one quarter of an hour ' s very inferior accommodation , consisting 1 of a cold cheerless room and a trio of tough cutlets . " An English traveller gives his experience of hotels in the United States :- ^ - " One of the greatest advantages which the American system possesses over ours consists in the uniformity of charges . Everywhere in the northern states the charge of the first-class hotels for the expenses of an entire day amounts to two dollars , or 8 s . id . in English money . The only exceptions , I believe , are the Metropolitan ' and'St .

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      September 17 , 18530 THE LEADER . 891

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      CAT ! 101 , 10 A LLKOfANCH . An Irish Roman Catholic Bishop has made a . statement as to the ] fin < l of allog-ianoe duo by Irish Catholics to tho Queen . This Bishop is the lti j ^ ht / Reverend Doctor Kennc , Bishop of Rons , and the following is a passaj ^ s in a discourse preached tit the concluding sitting of tho lato Minister synod : —

      ; ; ' I » ' < J <¦ ' ' " "In tho head of tho church you recognise not the sovereign of Rome . Art Nocul . ir ruler of a certain territory ho may havo whatever views or plnii" best suit tho interests of his own subjcofn . In tho political combinations required by the dashing r ivdlrios of nations , Protestant states have Homotimes boon tho friendly allies and Cal . holiu sovereigns have been tho formidable enemies <> f 'ho ruler of tho hocallod I ' apal Htatcs . As tho allegiance of a Catholic l-Yonehmnn is duo to a Louis or a Napoleon ( or as the allogiunco of a Catholic Helgimi is due to u Leopold ) your whole and undivided civil allegiance- is duo to the Sovereign of tho British empire . That allegiance of heart and hand you roadily offer ; and together with it in a spirit of respectful attachment to tho illustrious lad y who now oitt » on tho

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Sept. 17, 1853, page 891, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct2004/page/3/