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    This is not all . The Builder is guarded on all sides . He has distanced all competitors , because the system has placed him beyond the reach of competition .. The people who live on his premises must not only pay him their rent at a beer andspirit licence ; standard , but the " Don brewer has established a house where people must drink his beer , unless they wish to go to limit to

    an inconvenient distance . There is no the evil , and it is hopeless to attempt its removal by a simple abolition of licences . It is rooted into the soil . Landlords , Builders , Brewers , Magistrates , are all united in a grand scheme for locking up the sale of Beer , and they can decree that customers shall drink whatever article it may be convenient for the Brewer to supply .

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    RUSSIAN POLICY—IGNORANCE OF EUROPEAN DIPLOMATISTS — EFFECT UPON TURKEY AND EUROPE . Leiteb V . . ^ ( To tha JEditor ofthe Leader . ) gIE > _ - VVhen Gervinus affirmed that " the heavy counterpoise to all the beneficial political institutions which Napoleon scattered over Europe , and which he wrecked 011 the scheme of founding the predominance of France , was , that he appears to have resigned or rather bequeathed the future of the world to Russia , " that historian asserted a falsity . It was not Napoleon who bequeathed this to Russia . The frontiers of France , threatened by the Allied Powers , were momentarily defenceless ; the northern courts andEngland had already concerted that alliance of powerful sovereigns which fought so blindly the battle of Absolutism and prepared the magnificent future roll of the Russian empire ; but while these _ illassorted rulers stood prepared for the offensive , Napoleon ' s feet had not touched Belgic soil , and it was years after , when other distinguished French generals had already driven back the invaders , that the Little Corporal took a flying march to Berlin , Vienna , and Moscow . For this and for subsequent events , we may thank

    the British Government of the day ; and when , some years later , the British ambassador at Constantinople represented , de facto , the sovereigns of England and Russia , he only continued a policy from which England begins to see she has drawn but problematical advantages . This ridiculous war of aggression entered upon by our Government , established Russian influence in Montenegro , and upon the shores of the Danube ; it led to the successive defeat of every continental power , almost to its complete destruction . Russia was the only country that came out of that struggle the arbiter of the destinies of

    Europe : and the secret alliance between France , Austria , and England , signed in the very chambers of the congress , indicated the terror of these Governments before the columns they had themsolvos erected . The roturn of Napoleon , which discovered the treaty , and tho communication of its existence made to Alexander , did not cause that astute diplomatist to desert the Allies ; Napoleon was much more to be feared than either of the contumacious continental rulers , or the wholo motley conglomeration of sovereigns . Tho world knows the result , and it also knows that from this moment Russia has asserted an

    all-powerful influence upon European politics . The sword that England unsheathed against France—not against Napoleon be * it understood —has repeatedly piorcod her own breast . The treaty of Yasai hud already paved tho way for Russian influenco towards the Adriatic ; and the wars of tho Rhino and Italy extended to Turkey and tho borders of tho Danube . Napoleon and Russia allied wore to divide the world . Russia was to reach tho mouth of the Danube , and Napoloon to march to India . Tho treaty of Bucharest between Turkey and tho autocrat , assured to tho latter the frontier that Napoleon had hardly dared to assuro him ; but Napoleon ' s ultimato goal proved to be Si ; . Holon ' a instead of tho golden East .

    Tho Montenegrins upon tho Adriatic , who had always evinced tho most deadly hostility against tho Porto , acknowledged themselves subjects of Potcr tho Groat in 1712 . That monarch " received their oath of allegiance , and promised to defend thorn against thoir constant enemies tho Turks . This subjection and protection , however , wore never more thun nominal . " But lluBBia found in tho circumstances of raco and rohgion more powerful advocates than the more letter ot treaties . Bueeian present * , a » 4 the

    constant intercourse fostered by the imperial cabinet , kept alive the favourable inclinations of the Montenegrins . The portraits of the Russian rulers were even suspended amongst the saints in the peasants' cottages , and oftentimes devoured with kisses . The year ! 805 came , and Russia reaped the fruits of her well directed diplomacy . Seniavin determined , in 1806 , "to occupy Bocca di . Cattaro , and to raise its Sclavonic population conjointly with that of Montenegro against the French . It was enough for the

    Russian flag to appear , to arm the whole population , and no one entertained a doubt about the protection of the Russian Emperor . The chief resolved not only to seek his protection , but even to swear to him an unconditional allegiance . " An assembly of 10 , 000 peop le swore to defend the Russian standard to the last extremity : they were hoisted on the fortresses , and were greeted with loud exclamations of " May our Alexander live for ages ! " George Czerny , leader of the Servians , facilitated the arrival of assistance from Russia , and could in case of need impede , conjointly with , the forces of the Adriatic , .. all . the operations of Bonaparte , preserving in that allthe Ottoman

    manner the integrity of our y Porte . The Montenegrins afforded Russia 12 , 000 , gallant warriors , and , as is known , the seat of war became transferred from Corfu into Dalmatia . The influence of Russia in Monte- * negro was evidently in the ascendant . A little later the Congress of Vienna yielded up Cattaro to Austria . Montenegro was thus deprived of its only connexion with Europe } and Britain has been blamed for excommunicating that country from the civilized world . " But at that time English diplomatists were probably ignorant of the very existence of Montenegro . " TKat this was , indeed , most probable , the following condensation upon Servia will go far to prove .

    Czerny George achieved the freedom of Servia , in 1804-5 ; but the internal divisions of the country were too deplorable to admit of a speedy settlement of its government . Accordingly , we find George inviting N apoleon to assume a protectorate ; and on " his refusal , turning to Austria ; who , still full of the terrors of democracy , admonishes " the rebels to return to

    their allegiance to the Porte . " Russia was finally appealed to ; and Alexander ' s answer was significant : " Ho must bo recognised as Sovereign of Servia in return for his protection . " The soul of Czerny George was too noble for such a concession . Tho patriot replied : "We have freed ourselves from the Turkish yoke without the assistance of the Czar , we shall also

    know how to defend our freedom without him . " Finally , the Russians moderated their demands —the two nations were to be upon an equal footing . Three thousand Russian troops then crossed the frontiers . But the Hospodars feared George as Dictator more than they feared the Turks , and demanded guarantees from Russia . Czerny George ' s dream of independence was forgotten , and only the bastard existence of a double protectorate ( Russia and Turkey ) demanded ; and at length Alexander was even recognised as

    sovereign . George was threatened with banishment , but was afterwards appointed by Russia Field Marshal of tho Servian forces . George , however , successful in tho field , and supported by the peasantry , rose once more against Russia and the Hospodars , dofeated both , and was finally recognised by Russia herself as the iust Prince of Servia—the autoorat still affording him protection against the Turks . I have elsewhere alluded to the treaty of Bucharest . In that

    famous treaty Russia deserted the indomitable Servians , and promulgated an ordinance , " that if the rebel Servians did not roturn to their allegiance , tho Emperor would unite with Turkey to compel thorn ! " Tho Russian Consul blew Tip tho palaco of tho Senate , and burned all tho State archives of Servia . Ho then assembled the Hospodars , and announced that , " Peace was onop moro restored to tho country . " For this Russia obtained BosBarabia !

    Matheus Renadowitsch had , previously to this , in 1815 , appeared before tho Congress of Vionna , on behalf of his unhappy countrymen . Ho was flhultloeockecl from ono sovoroign and diplomat to another , and only a few of the most earnest amongst those magnificent monarohs , and elegant ambassadors , condescended to ask " and what is ServiaP" Tho detested Milotioh recognised as suzerain undor the Porte , finally murdered poor Qjserny George , tb , e Wallace of 14 h country .

    MHosch , besides , oppressed the Servians , . and treated with contempt the guarantees which Russia had obtained for them from the Porte , in 1826 . Russia declared war , on this account , in 1828 , and , although supported by the most ardent desires for her success , on thepart of the Servians ,, Russia would not allow the latter to raise troops , and attack the Ottoman army . Servia , erected into a kingdom , under Czerny George , _ nad proved to Eussia that ^ nationality was dangerous , as the nucleus of future freedom , and Albania presently paid the penalty of this

    knowledge . In 1828 , Russia promised the Albanians to recognise the Vizier Skader , as their sovereign . The people supported th e autocrat in his war against the Porte ; but the treaty of Adrianople ceded the ancient Colchis , on the Black Sea , together with all control which the Turks b , ad ever possessed over the Caucasus to Russia . The Albanians , like the Servians before them , had been used ; they were now , like them , deserted , and re-conquered by Turkey ; and yet Europe could not understand ! In the meantime , Servia

    had been trembling under Milosch . The Consti tutionalists (!) called upon Russia , who hastened to obey their demands . Milosch was compelled to swear to observe the ancient rights of his subjects . But , finally , notwithstanding the joint protectorate of Russia and the Porte , Milosch was expelled , and his son chosen in his place . The year 1842 , however , saw the last of the race of Milosch driven ignominiodsly from the kingdom , and the descendant of the patriot , Czerny George , mount the throne in his stead .

    And yet , sir , at that moment when the constitutionalists of Servia called upon the Russian Government for its assistance against the despicable Milosch , British and French , consuls represented their respective countries in the Servian capital ! " But England never has educated her diplomatists for the posts they are intended to occupy , and therefore her diplomacy has generally been rendered singularly ineffective . It is stated that Colonel Hodges , her representative on this occasion , * knowing nothing of the country

    and its inhabitants , sided with Milosch , and that the French deputy who afterwards arrived , was instructed to " unite in all things with the British embassy . " Thus , sir , through the blunderings of incompetency , and the neglect of the home Government to provide proper officials , was an admirable opportunity lost to Britain , and her name rendered infamous as the supporter of a shamefully oppressive Government , while Russia obtained credit for an enlightenment and a , liberality which she never possessed . I have

    previously stated the ignorance upon Servia and tho Slavonian nations generally which prevailed at the Congress of Vienna , and how ineificaciously the Servian representative operated in that quarter . It was possibly the treaty of Bucharest which , afterwards attentively studied , first awakened Europe . It was seen that Russia , having encouraged and led the Servian rebellion , left Servia to be reconquered by Turkey , and obtained Bessarabia for the betrayal , besides again rendering up to anarchy a people which if free might bo dangerous . Russia again supported the Albanians against the Sultan , until the treaty of Adrianople , when , as I have stated , she spurned them from her in return for Asiatic Colchis , and

    tho grant to her of all control that Turkey ever possessed over tho Caucasians . You will observe tho advantages possessed by Bessarabia ovqr Sorvia , and by Colchis over Albania . Russia never could subduo tho independent spirit of distant Sorvia , and must always operate by negotiation and by gold . Bessarabia , on tho other hand , was immediately annoxod , being an adjoining province of the Russian Empiro , and Russia obtained by this moans , not only a fertile and magnificiontly watered province , but the control of tho commerce of European Turkey on tho Danube , tho mouths , and lower portion , of tho further eido of which were delivered ud to

    her . Sho has since formed military establishments there indirect contradiction to tho stipulation of the troaty . In like manner , Albania was evon moro distant and hommod j n than Sorvia , whilo tho cession of tho ancient Colchis enabled Russia to surround tho Caucasus , ensure Georgia , threaten Persia on all sides , and to take Constantinople in tho roar . Wo aro ovon now informed , sir , thai ; Prince Mcnsohikoff ' a instructions arc

    " to communicato hiw demands nach un . d nq-ch " — -that is to Hay , by degrees . Russian policy haa been throughout pcupfc und wok , A& we have

    Untitled Article

    •• ^ X t ^ ^ . " " ' ' ¦ " ' ¦ ¦ ';' : ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ - - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ . 638 THE LEADEB . __ ( SwvxvAZ ^

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), July 2, 1853, page 638, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1993/page/14/