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Leader (1850-1860), 24th July 1852, Edition Town of 2, Page 700, Untitled Article

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      Epernay to Chalons , November 10 , 1849 ; from Chalons to Vitry , September 5 , 1860 ; from Vitry to Bar-le-Duc , May 29 , 1851 ; from Bar to Commercy , November 18 , 1851 ; from Commercy to Nancy , June 19 , 1852 . On the other side the section from Strasbourg to Sarrebourg was opened on May 29 , 1846 . A Marseilles Journal reports that the President will visit that city between the 15 th and 20 th of September . The AssembUe Nationale reports the projected evacuation of Borne by the French and Austrian troops simultaneously . The organization of a papal army has lately been pushed with great activity , " whether on the slopes of the ultra-Catholic Jura , or on the plains of Protestant Schleswig-Holstein . " Two regiments of active Roman troops are organizing at Velletri ; while detachments of French

      and Swiss recruits , raised in the department of the Ain and neighbouring Swiss cantons by General Kalbermatten , and destined to form two foreign regiments for the Pope ' s service , are marching to Macerata in the Marches . The total effective force in the Roman States is to amount to eighteen thousand men . The period mentioned for the simultaneous withdrawal of the French and Austrian armies of occupation is the end of the present year . Still France will leave a garrison of 2000 men at Civita Vecchia , and Austria will continue to keep the same number of troops in Ancona ; so that , if fresh troubles should break out in the States of the Church , both those powers may be ready to act in concert for their immediate repression . The withdrawal of the troops , says the Assembles J ¥ ationale , will be accompanied by the concession of some reforms .

      Count Mosti and six other young men of good families , noted for their attachment to liberal principles , were arrested on the 13 th by order of the Austrians , at Fossa d'Albero , in the Roman States . The AssembUe Nationale reports that General Filangieri , Prince of Satriano , has resigned his office of governor of Sicily . The accounts from different parts of Poland respecting the cholera are very unsatisfactory . At Kalisch , which

      numbers about 11 , 000 inhabitants , the deaths have for some weeks averaged thirty a day . Here , this scourge is confined almost exclusively to children and to the Jews , among whom it is extremely fatal . This is in a great measure to be attributed to their local position , for there , as in most of the Russian towns and cities , they are severed from the rest of the inhabitants—shut up in a close , narrow , densely-populated , and bad part of the city , named the "Jews' Quarter . " The cholera is likewise very fatal at Warsaw .

      Some hopes are entertained at Naples of good effects from the visit of the King ' s brother to England . We do not sharo these hopes of indoctrinating a Bourbon into humanity . An American squadron of frigates has called at Naples on the way to Athens , there to prosecute the demand of redress for grievances suffered by an American missionary imprisoned in Greece . Meanwhile Edward Murray still languishes in prison . If Lord Palmerston were minister , his case would have long since been decided , and English justice amply satisfied by a thorough investigation . Mr . Freeborn , the British consul at Rome , has come to England on leave of absence . The Emperor of Austria has conferred the dignity of Baron of the Empire upon Captain Henry Hentzi , of Arthunn , son of the lato general .

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      THE LAWS OP EUROPE . Me . Editor , —The nofes of the three northern courts about a Bonaparte dynasty in Franco , published somotimo ago , were of interest . Scliwarzenberg had no objection to an hereditary emperor , the Russian and tho Prussian court allowed only an elective omperor . They pointed to tho treaties of 1814 nnd 1815 , by which Napoleon and his family worn precluded for ever from the government of France , and said that they had given in almost too much by allowing , as they hitherto quietly hud done , the laws of Europe to be broken . If in France it should be the question of a crown , it belonged to a Bourbon . Sineo Schwarzenberg has died , and the Emperor of Russia lmn jiimle an attempt personally to impose his opinion in Vienna , " about the lawn of Europe . " Wo tako no interest in a Bonaparte dynasty , but we do in " tho lawn of Europe , " and it iH a remarkable fact , that t , ho Emperor of Russia , calls those lawH the treaties of 1815 , tho name which stipulate everywhere tho abolition of personal government , and the establishment of a legislnt ion by a majority , and that . Poland should bo governed inde-5 > endontly of Russia , and Cracow remain a free town . The Cinporor of all tho Russias has forgotten that ho himself , in 18 , 'U , tore to pieces the treatieH of 1815 , and that Kngland and France wen ; obliged to protent against , liin violence . They did it as upholders of the treaties of 1815 . The question therefore iH not , Hhall the treaties be carried out ? it is : shall they be carried out in the Russian or in the English wnyP France , of course , in questions of law , cannot be mentioned any more .

      Yen , « ir , the treaties of 1815 at last should be fulfilled . They never yet have been carried out , they nerved only Id bo trodden under foot by the Russian party in reference to the frontier ** , an well as in reference to the political mid legal basis of the period , which whs to he the cotititihi / ionol period , that is , the legal government by nuijoril y iiwl public opinion . For with that war-cry , " Iho tyrant , " Napoleon Bonaparte , was conquered by ICurope . Ih the legitimacy of 1815 nothing else but " hereditary" monarchy P Or ih it rather " constitutional" monarchy . Hereditary monarchies are transformed into legitimate or constitutional ones by the treaties of 1815 . Cp to that time they were merely by the grace of («' od ; then they were to be nunotiorled by law , or to become " legitimate . '

      Even legitimacy is a product of I ho Revolution , and Talleyrand , its bishop , baptized it . Such i » tho state of public law in Europe . Who 1 ms trespassed a * ain « t it P The threo hereditary monarcha of th « oontinftntt Who therefore is hdra let lo > u ( A folon ) ac *

      cording to his own law and to the law of Europe ? Those hereditary monarchs . And it is adding insult to injury , if the blood-stained Emperor of Russia now come forward and appeal to " the laws of Europe . " Yes , the laws of Europe have been broken , wheresoever the command of the mufti has , taken the place of law , voted by duly elected parliaments , that is to say , wheresoever the Russian interpretation of the treaties by the bayonet and the scourge have been adopted . And the violation of the laws of Europe must be punished by a public and solemn verdict against the criminals . They themselves appeal to those laws . Woe to them if they come to be applied . _ _ _ „ „ the treatieof

      The maintaining and carrying out of s 1815 is calling together an Amphictyonic council , impeach ' ing the hereditary monarchs for high treason , and it is introducing constitutional government , viz ., the laws enacted by a majority . It is clear , that now , after a bloody counterrevolution , the authority of the law is the doom of the offenders . The law of the majority , applied to those hereditary criminals is , the Republic . The Emperor Nicholas should not have appealed to the treaties . A roving thief may triumph for awhile , but he does not appeal to the jury . Now , England is a guarantee for those treaties . England does not understand them in the Russian sense . What is the duty of England and her allies P Of her allies ? Has England any allies remaining , and if so , who are they ?

      Is he who despises all treaties and laws , even his own ; is the Czar an ally of England to aid in maintaining those laws ? Is the beleaguerer of his own country , the Emperor of Austria , who with one hand gave and with the other burnt the Hungarian , the Austrian constitution , and all his own enactments , an ally of England to aid in maintaining the laws of Europe ? Can that wavering King of Prussia , who from the very commencement played with oaths and laws , who was then tossed about by the Revolution , and now has become a play-ball of the Courts of Petersburg and Vienna , be an ally of England to aid in maintaining the laws and treaties of the nations ?

      Can England , in carrying out the treaties of 1815 , in making the history of Europe a development of law , join those , who fight with fire and sword against the rery principle of those treaties , and the principle of all legality and morality ? This question is quite the same as if we were asking : Can England join the sworn enemies of her own principle , the supremacy of law , can she join the enemies of her life and her glory P No , never ! Even the Tories cannot join that holy alliance of pure violence against the laws of Europe and the rights of all nations . Who then are the allies of England ? We shall know them , as soon as we know England her-Rnlf .

      England , nowadays , is the English people , and the allies of that England are not tho princes and their ministers , grown hoary in forty years of crimo . The allies of that loyal people are tho nations themselves struggling for their laws ; the nations , who with the dearest of their blood acquired those treaties , who then "by treason and violence were robbed of the benefit of those laws , and who now are gathering new strength in order to reacquire their lost rights , and to bring the criminals to justice . The party of crime and the party of law cannot compromise . Tho existence of the one is tho condemnation of the other . Such is tho difference between English and continental constitutionalism . In England hereditary monarchy is legitimate , on tho continent it is hors la lot , what they call " abovo the law , " juut as every successful criminal will call it .

      " And we , the free men on this side of the channel , should tako up arms in order to defend the Magna Olinrta of Europe , and to realize the treaties of 1815 , whilst the people of the continent in their indifference , allowed one piece after another to be torn away from it . Do these people really exist in the shape of nations P And is it certain we should have their alliance ? Or would they not rather abandon us , if we should act in their favour , as they abandoned nil their lenders , and flung them cither upon the scaffold or upon our shores ?" That question seems to he put with justice ; the people of the continent were indeed the moat dangerous enemies of their own freedom and welfiiro ; but the question i . s really put very cunningly . For indeed not the dreaded

      weakness , but , the dreaded force , of the Revolution has induced ( he Knglish ( Government to support the Russian interpretation of the treaties of 1815 , in Hungary and in Italy ; has induced the Knglish press to oppose the constitution of ( Germany , and consequently the real accomplishment of the pence of 1815 , as a ridiculous and insane idea . It wns tho Revolution of the people , not tho Revolution of the Kniperor of Russia , which the inmates of Downirif * - sfreet were afraid of "; they did not fenr the abolition of nil law , hut the rebellion in favour of those laws . And the Knglish Government carelessly accompanied the counterrevolution through all its bloodshed , until the coup d'etat of the ' 2 nd of . December . At , that moment the Ministers and the- 'rimes became at once alive to the danger .

      VV ho therefore have forsaken their own cause ? Tho Kngli . sji Klnfesmen up to thin < lny . . IuhI , t \ n , traitors to theni-Helves , they gave Persia un <( Turkey into the hands of the Czar , they have now delivered to him Hungary , Austria , and Prussia . Who therefore have allowed tlie laws of Kuropo to be administered by barbarians wit h the scourge ? The English statesmen up ' to this day . Who have forsaken the supremacy of the law of nations over tho world , the welfare of Kurope , and their own principles P The Nnglish Government . Who was his own bitterest enemy and the adversary of his own intorofltttP Who have wu - rondored themselves into the hands of their enemies , who can done against them any day all tho seaports of tho Continent . P Who but the Htatcmmon of England have rained Russia to that power which uh » « xerci » e » nowP Con .

      founding the order of the barbarians with the order of the laws , they sought for their allies in the camp of the enemy ; and forgetting their origin from the victorious revolution of their forefathers , could not recognise their friends . But if even the statesmen of England , if even the English press could act so blindly against themselves , that the coup d'Stat of the 2 nd of December was necessary to teach them , what a danger for England and for the world the victorious Russian order implies , if the wisest amongst the wise could be such fools as to congratulate themselves even about the 2 nd of December , at least until the storm

      of public opinion had branded the front of those men , who , stained with crimes and perjuries , tore to pieces the laws of Europe and of France , pointing their piratica l guns to the very shores of Old England ; if the English ministers by those facts alone were to be enlightened about the danger of their country and the infamy of the counterrevolution , then I should say , one might have good reason to pass a mild sentence on the people of the Continent , said to be unfit for the management of their own affairs . They were just in the same state of mind as the English ministers have been .

      Yes , sir , the peop le of the Continent have likewise been converted by those brutal facts . The people of England too have learned something . They know the dangerous policy of their old and used up statesmen . And after the election of a better Parliament , probably no Russian ministry will again be sent to Downing-street , and we may expect the absolutism of law and the real interest of England , not the absolutism of kings and the interest of Russia , to rule the conduct of Great Britain .

      If such an event should come to pass , it will happen b y the enlightenment of the English people about their statesmen and their own interests . And on the Continent the realizing of the treaties of 1815 will spring from the same cause , viz ., the " glorious Revolution" of the Roman , German , and Sclavonian nations , which likewise must be preceded by an enlightenment about their governments , and in which we expect a descendant of William of Orange , with his fleet , in order to join us in carrying out the laws — " the laws of Europe . " of the

      On the white shores of England now the waves counter-revolution break ; England is the only obstacle to its complete triumph , England will play a part in its downfall . If England were not on the globe , Russia would march their own troops into Germany , whilst now she is only occupied by degenerated and degraded Austrians and Prussians . If England knows her interest and her duty , she will not allow Russia to march her armies into Germany . But for Russia and her vassals , the occupation of Germany by the Russians will become necessary as soon as France recovers her honour and her liberty , which sooner or later we must expect her to do . Where then will be the allies of England P

      Real sympathy with England is to be found in the North of Germany . There , in the English motherland , everyone understands the English and their institutions ; both nations maintain a constant commercial intercourse . And now , after the experience of the Revolution , nothing is wanted but the accomplishment of that spiritual conquest of Hanover and the whole of the North sea coast by an English alliance . Tho whoTo of the German peoplo would rejoice at it . For thereby would be erected a beacon their darknessAnd

      of freedom in the middle of present . English principles , we speak of politics and the supremacy of law , are popular in Germany without contest . At the same time it is understood that England will make no conquest of land in Germany . England may make her cause , tho supremacy of law , that invisible sovereign of free nations , triumphant ; she may overcome , in alliance with tho legal insurrection of Germany , tho Russian violence , without being suspected by any but Russian-Germans . That the French could not .

      The invasion of Hungary has given to tho Emperor of Russia tho control over the German princes ; tho invasion of Germany would give to him an immediate control over tho German people . Such is his intention . He said in Vienna to his protected client : " Remember that I am always thy friend , " i . e ., that I will occupy Vienna ; and in Berlin ho called tho officers of tho army his comrades . The meaning of both speeches is tho same . Tho Emporor of Austria and the officers of the Prussian army are tho object of hatred Avith the nation . The Russians will occupy Vienna and Berlin in order to lend assistance and to combat the Revolution ; and Frederick William IV . and Francis Joseph will apply for such assistance to tho Czar . Then it happens that England and Franco must dcclaro that nssistimco to bo nn invasion which involves n breach

      of the peace of ICurope . And when France is drawn into tho war , Knglnml must accept tho alliance of tho Gorman I nsurgonts against the Russian league . For every German state or town which refuses tho Russian " ansistunco" will ho declared insurgent . Things of course stand now much worse for the legal party than they did , when on the II urignrian soil the whole gang of criminals could have been crushed with ono single blow ; but nevertheless if , must be done . That new J ^ ouirt XIV . at St . Petersburg is incompatible with tho law , tho honour , mid the interest ; of lOuropo ; and England now must not I lie part which Holland played in 1 H 88 . She must help to establish a Gorman CouHl . il ution , wherein the people belong to themselves and govern themselves , and she must n . i <( in terminating tho liio . st infiurioufl period lOurope has over experienced .

      If Mint he nothing hut a moral duty , we should not deem it Hulliciciil ; but . fortunately the madness of the oouritorrovolutioniHts knows of no hounds , even not of those ot the frontier of Great Britain und Ireland ; and the excesses of the RusHinns , announced by tho speeches of tho Czarnf , Vienna , mid Horlin will rouse oven the most apathetic from their security . Tho laws « , f ICuropo , and tho alliance of the enlightened nations ! must he the watchword . Aitm > Li > Ruoic P . S . —The five powers have granted Neufchatol to tha King of Priuiiftk according to the treaties bf 1816 i II &

      Untitled Article

      700 T HE LEADER . [ SA < rtjftiaAY ,

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), July 24, 1852, page 700, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1944/page/8/