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    been , immediately and unceremoniously accepted . He was a f riend of Schmerling , who was dismissed a few Aonthi ago , and both belonged to tbe party of jtjnitea Austria , fie went out upon the question of tKe new tariff , of which he desired the immediate adaption . Bruck commenced his career as a Prussian officer ; jtext he went to Trieste fl ? a . teacher of languages . Here he was made Secretary of . the Austrian Lloyd's , married the daughter of the Director ,, and began to apguire wealth in diverse speculations . He was a deputy of jtheJfrankForj ; Parliament . After the revolution of Ootober in Vienna , he was . made Minister of Commerce and public Works . He commenced

    hid scheme of breaking down the customs frontier between Austria and Hungary . He promoted the Sommering and other railways . He proposed the { reat German Customs tJnion with Austria , and an talian . Zollverein . He is known as an avaricious man , who has made use of his political position in forwarding his private speculations in the public funds , railways , and * mines . He purchased a coal mine near the Trieste and Vienna Railway , and obtained the monopoly of the sale of coal to the railway . He speculated largely also in the Polish-Sileaian Railway , and retires from office with a very large fortune - of his own making . He is succeeded by Herr von Baurngartner .

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    THE REIGN OF " ORDER " IN ROME . Disorder has arisen to suclTa pitch at Rome under the " good Government" of the Cardinals and General Gemeau , that the latter has found it expedient to secure the safety of his armyt This is rather strange in a city where only a few of the factious are opposed to priestly and Gallic rule . But so it i * . General Gemeau issued a proclamation on the 12 th of May , commanding all persons whatsoever , resident in Rome , to deposit their arms at a given place ; informing natives , strangers , and visitors , that after the 17 th domiciliary visits would be made to houses suspected

    of concealing arms , and the proprietors fined when arms were found ; also " sticks of a suspicious form' ' are to be deposited with the arms . Not a word in this precious document about the Papal Government . In fact " Gemeau " has superseded ' Antonelli , " who came out with a ?• notification " four days later than that of the General , intimating that all persons " guilty of the crime " of preventing smoking should be subjected to summary punishment , possibly the stick . Cardinal Antonelli talks about the " insults "offered to the " peaceable population to prevent it from using tobacco "—to wit , the sbirri bullying young men in

    the public places for not smoking ! All persons who spread intelligence of an alarming nature are to be sent to the galleys for a term of from one to three years ; and the police are instructed to carry out the law as laid down by " Antonelli . " Thus there are two governments at Rome—one to collect the arms and rummage the dwellings of the Roman citizens ; the other to see that they smoke the requisite amount of tobacco and do not gossip on political or " alarming" topics . Unfortunately neither can succeed . The arms will be concealed , not given up ; the tobacco will not be smoked , and the gossip will go

    on—more alarming the more it is compressed . Meanwhile , in the execution of the military and the clerical ukase is confided to the soldiers of France and the police of Rome who act in conjunction . The abitri have not scrupled to bully , strike , and arrest whoever appeared anti-papalino in dress or deportment . Their wrath has been especially directed against velvet hats , ribbons , and mourning hatbands ; many young men have had their hats rudely knocked ofl ^ to be divested of similar ornaments , and numberless evening promenaderri have had the French patrols examining their dress and persons in search

    of political papers and prohibited arms . Foreigners are by no means exempted from these outrages , nor can any redress be hoped for . An English gentleman , the Honourable Alfred StourtOn , was stopped , surrounded , and searched by General Gemeau ' s myrmidons on thp lfith . Platoons of French soldiers parade up and down the Corso in broad daylight , Insulting , ill-treating , and arresting peaceable citizens , for the shapes of their hats or the colour of their clothes , and all at the imperious nod and beck of the Papal police satellites ! No one is safe from the ferocious attacks of these legulized ruffians , these mild instruments of the paternafecclesiaHtical government . Another English gentleman , Mr . Brotlierton , was recently overhauled in the Via del Tritone , and many other foreigners have been insulted in thu

    streets in the grofese&t possible manner . The way in which General Gemeau ' s franco-papal patrols nro conducted is as follows : —they usually consist of from twenty-five to fifty French soldiers , headed by two of the Pope ' s abirri In plain clothes , who keep their eyea fined on the pastrer * by , and order the column to halt as sroon aa atry person excites their suspicions by the form of his walking-stick , the cut of his hat , or the colour of his dre * s—white " wide-awakea " especially , \ tith black ribbons ronnd them , and black clotfcg , ftr « sufficient motive * for the Weiirers to bo beaten or arrested . When any such unfortunate per-• Ottiapproaches , tho abirri grvA a wink of command to too uoldiert of thd granffnation , who at onco

    surround the offender , and allow the sbirri to torment him within the hallowed circle of French bayonets , in a manner equally creditable to both parties . The attentions of the sbirri usually consist in gross personal epithets and blows , in breaking the walkingsticks or smashing the hats of their victims , besides taking them off to prison if all is not received in good part . An inoffensive young man , named Miramo Petti , has actually been imprisoned for wearing mourning for his father ?—mourning being construed by the jealousy of the Papal authorities , and the zeal of the

    republican General Gemeau , into an allusion of grief at the extinction of the Roman Republic ! A French gentleman , lately arrived , and staying at the Hotel d'Allemagne , was standing at the door of the English library , on the Piazza di Spagna , two evenings ago , when he was much surprised to see the cortege of Bbirri and soldiers stop opposite to him . A black leather strap , which he wore round his white travelling hat gave such offence to the sbirri that they removed it with their own hands , taking down at the same time his name and address , and bidding him mind what he was about .

    The English residents in Rome are not exempt from either the operation of the " proclamation" of General Gemeau or the " notification " of Antonelli . They are not allowed to have arms , either for personal protection or for the defence of banks even . Their arms must be deposited , not with our consul , but with the authorities . Altogether , they have a pretty time of it . Beards are not allowed to be grown in any shape —no matter whose beard . Two alleged republicans

    Were taken to the barber ' s and shaved . Signor Terni , a salt-fish merchant , was imprisoned on the 13 th , on account of the length of his beard . His house was entered , and his books searched ; but as the sbirri found endless entries of stock-fish instead of minutes of secret societies , they liberated him the next day , only after the warm interference of Mr . Freebairn in his behalf , with a strong hint that he should get himself shaved forthwith !

    Meantime , we learn from the TJnivers that the French have taken 10 , 000 rations into the Castle of St . Angelo and a large quantity of powder . Both the invaders and the usurpers of Rome are evidently alarmed . The Bulletin de Paris publishes a semi-official article upon the instructions sent to General Gemeau . It is thought to indicate a diversion in favour of Liberalism on the part of the French Government , and to be an attempt to rescue the Pope from the domination of Antonelli and the Jesuits . The Bulletin de Paris says : —

    " The instructions which have been sent to General Gemeau , commandicg the French corps of occupation at Rome , are very energetic and very explicit . They are favourable to the pontifical Government ; they assure protection to Pope Pius IX ., and have for special aim the security of our army . Italy is at the present moment in a state of ferment " which might become dangerous were not the attitude of our flag strong and lofty before the country and before Europe . There is talk of a great military movement in Naples , the aim of which is not known . General Gemeau has provided the means for maintaining tranquillity in Rome and the neighbouring provinces , aa well as for resisting all attempts on the part of the demagogic faction . Our diplomacy will , at the same time , know how to foil such wicked intrigues as have no support from the moderate party , and which are disapproved of by the liberal wisdom of the Pope . Severe repressive measures have already caused the cessation of the agitations and criminal acts which have for some time been observed in Home . France has undertaken a glorious work in reestablishing the sovereign pontiffon his throne , overturned by demagogie ; she will accomplish that work by maintaining him upon that throne , venerated by all Christendom , and at the same time assuring to the population of his States the benefits of a liberal intervention . "' Thjs may be a " voice from the Elysee , " but with the letter to Colonel Edgar Ney , " fresh in our recollections , we attach little importance either to the article or the instructions .

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    NATIONAL REFORM ASSOCIATION . The fourth floire * e of this association , -which was held on Monday , was signalised by the presence of Mr . Cobden . The monthly lecture was delivered by Mr . Bunting , better known as the Norwich Operative ; and the whole interest of the evening turned upon the comments made by the speakers on Lord John ' s proponed Reform Bill . Sir Joshua Walmsley said the time had come when they must exert theiriselven . The Mininti-r had stated in his place in Parliament that he wan ready to give an extension of the franchise ; and tho

    amount of that ex tension depended upon the country . Mr . Bunting noticed the change in the mode of opposition to the extension of the auflriige . It wun not now that of full blown Toryism . It was not the right or tho desirability whirl ) , was contented , but the expediency of the concession and the fitness of tho people for the exercise of the vote . Ho took seriatim the objections made to tho Charter of the National Reform Association , and refuted them . He wont over little new ground , the exception only being tho coinparatively unnuckneyed contrast between the rates of large towna returnhiK two members und

    small towns returning the same number . The enfranchisement of the people , it was urged , would be a violation oi the rights of property . Now , there were in the House of Commons 336 members representing boroughs rated at £ 6 , 200 , 000 , while other places rated at £ 70 , 000 , 000 were represented by only 328 members . Was this no violation of the rights of property ? Honiton , rated at £ 10 , 000 , returned two members ; Liverpool , rated at £ 845 , 455 , returned also two members . Were property representation carried out , Liverpool ought to return 160 members if Honiton returned two . The lecture was able and temperate , three qualifications which go a long way to make up for the unavoidable lack of originality .

    Mr . Hume moved a vote of thanks to Mr . Bunting , and appealed to the people to support the association . He recollected when reformers were thought little better than wild beasts or mad dogs . { Laughter ., ) Now the times were changed , and all were reformers , or else pretended reformers . { Hear . ) One most vitaL objection to the extension of popular rights was the desire to keep a monopoly of political power amongst the classes who now enjoyed the privilege of taxing the people . { Hear , hear . ) No one could visit the Crystal Palace without reflecting how unjust it was to deny to the creators of all those ¦ wonders the rights of citizens . ( Cheers . )

    Mr . Cobden was warmly received . He thanked Mr . Bunting , and eulogized his lecture . Though he had not hitherto taken an active part in the agitation conducted by Sir Joshua Walmsley , he had contributed annually to the funds , and he felt no less thankful to those who had trimmed the lamp of reform , and kept it burning : —• " But he had taken this , the first opportunity of appearing at a reform meeting , after the recent declaration made by the Prime Minister , that he would be prepared in the next session of Parliament to introduce a measure of reform—to declare that he considered this question which the association had in hand as the most practical question that politicians had to deal with . —( Cheers . ) And in doing so , he would say to his friends everywhere throughout the country—to all those who were practical men ,

    and with whom he had the honour of combating on other questions , that they would forfeit their character as a practical people unless between now and the next spring they threw themselves into this question of parliamentary reform , in a way that would prove to the world that the English people had not lost that old attribute of their nation—that they knew how to seize the proper time for doing their own work in their own way . —{ Loud cheers . ) He would say , moreover , that he took this question apart from all other questions . He did not want to see any other question coupled with it . —{ Hear , hear . ) Amongst other scenes on the continent during the last three years , we had seen sufficient to warn us against identifying any particular theories or principles with a question of institutional change . —{ Hear , hear . ) For if anything more than another had led to those disasters which had been

    witnessed on the continent , it was that the people , before they had got political power , were too industrious in showing to the world that they intended to make a very bad use of it . " He did not want this question of parliamentary reform to be identified with any others ; and he instanced the success of the free-trade agitation as one in that particular worth imitating . Free trade must be kept separate from party , and the great intellects of the House must not have the pretext , for leaving free trade , given them by affording cause for the allegation that they were making free trade a party question : — " Now , they had a promise of a proposal being made next year by the head of the Government . He did not mind whether Lord John Itusacll was in power next year or not ; still , his declaration that the time was come when a new Iteform Bill might be proposed by the head of the Government totally changed the character of their question as a practical question before the country . J 5 ecau . se whether he went out of office < ir remained in , they had a very large party cooperating with them for a measure of reform ; and it would depend upon tho people out of doors what that measure should be . ( Hear , hear . ) Some reform was absolutely indispensable ; for they had come to such a dead lock in the House of Commons that they could not

    go on without it . 'Ihey should be obliged to come to the people out of doors to readjust the balance , so an to throw a preponderance into one scale ; for at present nobody knew on which side it would be on any one question Hubmitted to the House . All tlie existing purties had gone to decay , had fallen to ruins , and had become mere rubbish in the way of political progress . { Hear , hear . ) There must be reform of Parliament to enable any party to govern at all . { Cheera . ) What was that reform to bo ? Their veteran friend ( Mr . Hume ) hud , done on thin matter what he had dune on almost all other great public question * for the last thirty five yeara—he

    had got hold of just the right tiling . { Cheers . ) And when he , the hero of a Iniiidn-d ttghtN—or rather , th <; hero of a thousand defi-ats-- { cheers and lauyhtcr )~~ vt \\ vn he who hud the honour " of being in more nuaoritieH in the House of Commons than any other living man—cume before them with all th <; ardour , confidence , ami enthutiiusm of youth , und told them that he wan perfectly satihtted with the progreim und prowpeotH of events—there whh not u young ninii there present , or in the country , who muHt not Uwl Hiimulntcd with equally Hunguine . anticipation to riiHh to tho breach with their veteran friend and help him to oarry thin measure . { Cheers . )"

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    May 31 , 1851 . ] m $$ % * &&tt « 505

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), May 31, 1851, page 505, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1885/page/5/