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Leader (1850-1860), 28th December 1850, Edition Town of 2, Page 945, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      ™— — ^ - y—^ — ^^— ' —^—^^ ^^ - ^ ^» ^^^*^ v was well filled with persons taking refreshment at the little marble tables ranged round the walls . We called out " Citoyen trois glorias , " * whereupon he who received the order cried out to another .

      Untitled Article

      « ' Citoyen C , du cognac a droite , premiere . " Had we required milk , a fourth would have been called , so that we were as well served as at the best cafes on the Boulevards or the Palais National , and the coffee was equally good . Besides these rooms there is another , und a garden outside , with seats under the trees and beds of flowers cultivated by the members of the association . Here I met several of the Luxembourg delegates , about whom so many absurd calumi-iioo Tiniro Vwa / an er » 7 "oari T "fr » nnrl t-hatn + r \ ha /? itti 1

      straightforward , intelligent men , with a great deal of sound common sense ; some were working-men and others employers having establishments of their own , and all made anxious enquiries after Louis Blanc , whom they hoped they should soon see amongst them again , J . E . S . ICAEIAN COMMUNISM .

      Etienne Cabet was born , at Dijon on the 1 st of January , 1788 . His father was a master cooper , who for some time designed the embryo Communist leader for his own trade , and had him at work with him from the age of ten till twelve . The young Etienne , however , found himself studying soon after the latter period under Jacotot , and at fourteen was entered at the Lyceum , as a tutor , or usher . It seems he abandoned the study of medicine ¦ fnr that , nf law . and was fnr some tim «» a disninie of

      irroudhon , till in lolZ he took his degree , ana made his appearance at the provincial bar of Dijon . His strongly-marked Democratic sentiments were early revealed , and at the revolution of 1830 he was in Paris at the head of one of the insurrectional municipalities . On the first of August he accepted the post of Attorney-General for the Island of Corsica , in which office he exerted himself with success in introducing the institution of trial by jury , and also in putting down some formidable hordes of banditti . It was not long , however , before he offered himself as a candidate for the honour of representing his native denartment ( the Cote-d'Or ) in the Chamber of Deputies .

      On this occasion he published a Profession of Faith , the ultra-democratic sentiments of which caused his dismissal from the newly-acquired post . He had , however , already won sufficient esteem to draw from those around him—the Deputy Attorney-General and even his own successor—expressions of the utmost esteem and regard , with many regrets at his speedy departure . His opponent at the election was sufficiently formidable , being a certain Marquis de Chauvelin , one of the leaders of the so-called Liberal party , who was backed by

      all the influence of the Uourt ana Ministry . JNevertneiess , he gained a complete victory . The Government now marked him as a dangerous man , and soon took opportunities of getting up prosecutions against him , which were not , however , for some years successful . But at length he published two articles in his journal , Le Populaire ( first established as a weekly paper in 1833 ) , one entitled " The Republic is in the Chamber , " and the other in favour of some Poles , who were cast by stress of weather into Havre on their eutim

      way to America , wnicn iurnisaeu iu jus cB mu iuugsought opportunity . This time theGovernment succeeded . They prosecuted him for both articles , and obtained a conviction upon one of them , with a sentence of imprisonment for two and political interdiction for four years . This was in 1834 . Manifestations of popular sympathy were abundant ; at Argenson a medal was struck in his honour ; but to escape the threatened imprisonment , and at the urgent solicitations of his political friends , he left the country , and went to Brussels . The reactionary party in Belgium , however , were in power , and would not surfer him to

      relursued his reading down to the writings of St . Simon , Fourier , Robert Owen , and the other modern Socialists . iLnd having completed this extensive but necessarily ¦ ather cursory literary research he returned once more to lis own thoughts , and commenced the reduction of his > wn ideas , new and old , into some order . He thus produced his Travels in Icaria , not , as he says , 1 with the pretention of making a code or a law for a somrnunity , but simply co give a provisional idea of a ; reat nation organized into community . " This book : onsists of an account of an imaginary journey pei formed jy an English nobleman to a fabulous land , which he sails Icaria , densely populated with a happy and virtuous seople , abounding in all manner of material wealth , but . he inhabitants of which were organized upon a system . ¦\ r fr ^ m , m ^^ % S % & & ^ m f * m ^ % wm ¥ ^ % m 9 ^ l mm *» J m &m ** JB 9 t ^ % mr ^ V * fe mm ^ % m 1 ^ % m * «* v % A a +

      community of goods . To add to the interest of the work [ especially amongst the ladies ) there is a slight tissue of i romance—founded of course on the idea of the supposed irisitor falling in love with one of the Icarian ladies—• unning through the book , and binding together its diff erent parts . This method gives the author an oppor-: uuiiy of introducing individual characters , and descending to details which would not be either so interesting or so clear , to most readers at all events , on any ) ther plan . This work was printed in 1838 , but not published till some time afterwards . ±

      j » . uaoec returned 10 jp ranee in ioo » , arriving iu jraris : he 12 th of May , after an absence of over five years . He irst published his Popular History of the French Revolution ., witfi an Introduction containing a Compendium if the History of the French ; a work the suceess of which las justified its title . In the following year the question ) f the Paris Fortifications sprung up , and M . Cabet en-« red into the lists of wordy warfare with energy , as a nost determined opponent of the scheme , in spite of its itrenuous support by the National . In the course > f the discussion between between him and this paper , iome offence was taken by the editors of the latter , and

      ; hey sent him a challenge , which he had me moral courage to refuse . The Travels in Icaria appeared at last , in 1840 . It was caught up by large numbers of the people with enthusiasm , societies being formed amongst the poor to purchase joint-stock copies for circulation amongst the subscribers , raffles being got for single copies , and meetings being held for the purpose of having the book read aloud . It became , in fact , the text-book of a rapidly-encreasing Communist sect . It was followed up by some small pamphlets , and in 1841 the Populaire reappeared , half political , half Socialist—not without some danger , for Communism had then become identified in France with ultra physical force doctrinces , which , however , Cabet did his utmost to put down , his own doctrines being utterly opposed to all irinlenne . Hence , indeed , the emigration to America

      which took place some years later-He continued for some time the publication of these various Communist brochures , and also of his paper , with much success , although he had at all times to contend with the violent prejudices and incessant calumnies brought upon the entire cause of Social Reform by the imprudent or criminal conduct of other Communist bodies , or , perhaps , of individuals called Communists merely as a convenient term of reproach ! One of the most interesting of these other writings is a small volume called True Christianity , being a very ingenious exhibition of all the Social tendencies discoverahle throughout the Scrintures . both of the Old and New

      iiiium ^ space mem . POSTSCRIPT . Saturday , Dec . 28 . The further hearing of Mr . Sloane ' s case haying jen appointed for yesterday , the whole of the neigh- » mrhood of Guildhall was , from an early hour in . le morning , a scene of great excitement . From the ist crowds of people that kept flowing in from all irts of the Citv . Guildhall-vard presented more the

      jpearance ox the pit ot a theatre on lioxing-nignt Lan the exterior of a court of justice . As the time rew near for the commencement of the proceedings , Le excitement became so great that not a vehicle rove up to the court but the passengers were saluted ith shouts and groans from the mob , who were so lxious that Mr . Sloane should not escape witnessing le effect his barbarous behaviour to the unfortunate rl , Jane Wilbred , had produced in the minds of the mnlo tViot tViov uroro roenlvod Vi /» cVirmirl Irnrtwr'wliin . ll MlS

      Ib /^ SLZ&W , U ^ AMV V 1 AV < J TV * p *» > J A ^ UV * V ^^« ^ fc » ^* ^^ »<* * »*» **«* . ^ r «« V * B » a ** Biv ay public feeling went with regard to this horrible [ Fair . The doors were all crowded with persons pplying for admission , under various pretexts , and r e believe that on no occasion has a police court ver had so many representatives from each of the aily journals as yesterday ; in fact , if all had been Emitted , the audience would have been composed ntirely of reporters . About a few minutes before -velve a cab drove up to the aldermen ' s entrance , illowed by the mob , hallooing in a most frightful

      lanner ; out men uenaviuurciiuugeu . . > > ijr 'hen they saw Jane Wilbred alight , and she was multaneously cheered by every one present . The lock , however , her nerves had sustained by the rst outburst of indignation was so severe that it ^ as some time before she recovered from the state of 'epidation into which she was thrown . The dejndant ' s counsel was saluted in like manner at first ,

      lore intense , and he was obliged to hurry into the magistrates' private room , to avoid experiencing the ^ convenience that might arise from his" acting proassionally for Mr . Sloane . Mr . Alderman Humphery having taken his seat n the bench , ^ ome conversation took place relative a the prosecution , in the course of which it was t ** « -j-t * l 4 Vtnf + l-k y-v lirawnn ^ - lin /) vi / - \ + IT n + hnDII AVur > ll to / Hi

      gainst Mrs . Sloane . Mr . Clarkson , who appeared for dr . Sloane , stated that he should not put the girl to a ross-examination in the present state of public feeing , but would reserve to his client the right of laking his defence when called upon to answer the harge before a higher tribunal . Mr . Sloane , who ad arrived amidst loud execrations from the people utside the police-room , having received an . intitnaion that his presence was required in the court , hero lade his appearance , greeted by the whole of the udience with hisses , cries of " Shame , " and other larks of disapprobation and disgust . He sat down nth . his back to the people , and hung his head to

      Testament . It is really surprising how good a case is made out for the doctrine , that Communism is but the true and genuine development of Christianity— " Christianity , " as the title of this booksayB , " according to Jesus Christ . " An Icahian PnoBATioNBJt . Mr . Joseph Bauker and Drt . Lees . —A circular is in course of transmission to friends of progress , of which the following is a copy . We quote it from the interest we take in the obiect sought to be accomplished : —

      " Mr . Joseph Barker being about to dispose of his printing press , business , &c , previous to his departure for America , a few friends in this locality are desirousof purchasing his establishment for Dr . F . li . Lees . To those acquainted with Dr . Lees riothing need be said to enforce his claim to such a testimonial of respect and confidence . His unswerving faithfulness to the c ^ use of popular progress and enlightenment , —his arduous and self-sacrificing labours in the cause of trrnperande , —and his character as a man and a scholar , are so well known ,

      and so universally acknowledged , that it is unnecessary recount them here . The present affords an excellent opportunity to his friends to give substantial proof of their approbation of his conduct . If the project can be carried out , it will not only place him in a position where he will be able to maintain himself in comfort ., but in which he will also be able to do good service on behalf of those principles he loves so devoutly and serves so well . Mr . Barker has offered the whole establishment for £ / 300 . One half of this sum he will require in February next : the other half he will allow to remain on the concern ( or a year . The friends here think the best and most experiitifiuR wav of obtaining the reauircd amount will be to

      raise it by shares , say at Jtl each . me would belong to the shareholders , but Dr . Lees would have the sole management of it during his life . At his death the shareholders would elect his successor . Any interested in this matter will please communicate early to Mr . J . Cowen , jun ., Ulaydou Burn , Newcastlc-on-Tyne . "

      main there ; so he came to London . Here he continued his literary labours , keeping up a supply of articles for his own paper , besides writing some pamphlets against the system then pursued by the French Ministry , which were all published in Paris . But having considerable time on hi * hands here , he devoted himself to more extensive labours . He conceived the idea of preparing works of useful instruction for the working classes , particularly on historical subjects , and designed , and to a greater or less extent carried out , a

      PvIlLO UI UUUIVIS ) 1 *» w » Li * - »* pS " ¦* «^ y w « » - " ——» w tory , a Compendium of the History of the French , a Popular History of the French Revolution , and an Abridgement of tile History of England . But after he had made considerable progress towards the completion of these works , he turned his attention to the construction of a " Plnn of a True Democracy , " or a grand Democratic social organization . This led him to Communism . Availing himself nf opportunities of access to some of the extensive libraries of

      • A uloria is linlf r cui > of coflV .-o and a small ff lnss of brandy , charged at most cafe ' s 50 cent ., but here only K 0 cent . The nilisr iirices are in the same proportion .

      Untitled Article

      Several witnesses were examined regarding the jondition in which Jane Wilbred was- when she was ; aken to the ltoyal Free Hospital . Mr . W . T . Itobertson , surgeon , stated that when he weighed her on the [ 2 th of December , her weight was only 59 £ lb . ; on . Lhursday last he again weighed her , and her weight , vas 73 £ lb . —showing an increase of 141 b . The girl ' s langcrous illness proceeded entirely from wantof food . ^ Vhen brought into court she is described as having juite a healthy appearance . " Her f ice , " it is said , has now assumed its natural colour , and her features have changed from the sickly hue and cadaverous jxprossion of a woman about thirty years of age , wrdi-ring on death , to the plump and interesting tip-Annvnvwwi r \ f a * - » v /» ttTr wnnnnr frivl riK flfroon . " Tllfi fol- >

      owing is the evidence she gave yesterday : — Jane Wilbred : When I went into my master's sittingoom he used to say I frightened the bird if I took a mtidle in . It was a linnet that he was afraid I hhould till . He said it would frighten the bird to take a eanulo vith me when I took coals through the room for the kithen fire . The bird died tome lime after , and tny misrc-ss struck me with a shoe , and my master hit n . e on he back with his hand and nearly knocked me down . L'hey both said it was because the bird died . 1 had less ood after the bird died than I had beioro , but they % IA nntl . i ' rwi cittrttit ( fltlllicr M » l O IliOI t ' lir \ l \ Ml * Iltlfl 1 VT Tfi .

      Sloane told me they would torment me as long as J . was with them , because the bird died , When they gave me mustard my mistress used to put it on my bread . I sometimes had it mixed with water , and sometimes sprinkled dry on my bread . I used to go about the chambers rubbing my fuet to keep them warm , because they were no cold . My mistress would not allow me to go to the fire , although there was one in the . kitchen . Mr . Slojuic bent me for walking uboul thu house and nut

      Untitled Article

      i it is certainly a much more rational amusem in />» rrls nr rlnminriiac ! -ivlii /> Vi naorJ + < - > r \ nmin- * r ^

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      — - — — - — ' — y - ~ - — - — — - -w ^» —»^ ^* m liard-tables , at which the ouvriers play . I d that billiards is no w a favourite game with the

      Untitled Article

      vviij . ^ " - » -r »»~ ,... .. ,, |» . 5 * — -w- ~ ^ — 9 sux wnen oiniitea it is irequeiiiiy nuiu reasuus quite mac *' the money ; near to him , against the wall , is a little ? lunistlc tendencies which have been repeatedly exhibited pendent of the merits of the communication . box with an inscription over it— " Pour les detenus J £ e wnt i f ° f ^ mus ' 7 ^ , . ^ f . ° ^ pubho , Communications should aIwavs be iegibIy written , and on one politiques " ( In aid of those imprisoned for political ^ S"Z . , ? L f ^ V ^ ° l C i n £ l ^ l * ^' ™^ side of the paper only . If long , it encreases the difficulty of

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      void the eager looks of the crowd . He maintained is seat throughout the proceedings with a sullen emeanour , and , for the first time , appeared to feel

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Dec. 28, 1850, page 945, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1863/page/8/