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Leader (1850-1860), 30th October 1858, Edition 2 of 2, Page 22

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      Emigration To India. And Emigration To O...

      the main road in repair . The province of Auckland , in . New Zealand , gives a bounty of forty acres of land to a settle !' . In India grants of even a thousand acres may be obtained in healthy districts suitable for tea or coffee plantations , ' with one-fouxtli of the land exempt from tax for ever , and the remainder at a small and gradually increasing land tax . So that India presents much greater advantages to the emigrant wishing to become a landed proprietor or cultivator on free terms , The grant of free passages to the colonies is much less liberal than is supposed . In New South Wales bounty emigrants can only be nominated by settlers resident in the colony , and must l ) e mechanics , domestic servants , or labourers , and tlie

      bounty does not exceed 12 / ., so that the difference has to be paid by the emigrant in Victoria . Like regulations prevail in South Australia ; some free emigrants are sent out , but the majority arc bouiity etnigrants . The like regulations prevail in Tasmania . The Cape of Good Hope sends out some free emigrants , but for Natal , bounty emigrants alone are sent out , and they have to repay the amount of their passage-money by yearly instalments . These are the only colonies to which there is assisted emigration , and this is limited to domestic servants , agricultural labourers , gardeners , country masons , bricklayers , blacksmiths , farriers , wheelwrights , sawyers , and for South Australia a few miners . A preference is in all cases given to married men . of the labouring and mechanical classes .

      It will be observed that domestic servants , agricultural labourers , and most of the others named , are not the classes most desired in India at present , so that for the classes for whom i here is reallj an opening in India there is no more encouragement in any other colony , but they must in all cases pay their passages , as they will if they go to India . Now comes the question , What is the position of the men with small capital and some energy , or the men with a trade of luxury , or the men with energy , industry ; arid good character only going to one of the other colonies or to India ? In Canada , of these classes there is only a scope for the man with small capital , and he can do little as a shopkeeper , for ia all the best towns business is already a matter of connexion and large capital , and

      everywhere the old settler has advantages . In the new settlements the small shopkeeper has not customers enough to get a living . Farming is therefore the main chance , and as a man can get more land than he can cultivate for four or five pounds , and can get his neighbours to build him a loghouse , there is no labor to be got , for every labourer of the first year is a farmer of the next . The position of the farmer is therefore in most cases that of the cottier , unless he has some special advantages from a great town springing up , and his being able to turn to market-gardeniag or dairy farming . As to getting employment as a clerk , or foreman in one of the Canadian cities or bailiff on an estate , the sons of the shopkeepers take everything that comes in the

      way . The Australian , colonies present much the same prospect . Melbourne , Sydney , Adelaide , Geelong , Hobart-town , Goulbourn , Launccston , or any of the towns , require of the shopkeeper as much capital or credit as ia London , and there is no chance of getting employment in a counting-house , warehouse , or shop . Stoiie-breaking is the employment the applicant gets if he is very lucky . Gold-digging is an occupation precarious enough , but that requires some small capital to get to the diggings and find a mouth ' s provisions . As shopherds , thore ia a field for any kuid of men who can learn tho work , and in time he may get a tlock of his own after many years of discomfort aud hard lubour .

      Indeed fow know the hardships by which tho comfortable settlor attains to a position of oase . Tho Australian Legislatures are right : what they want is men with capital , married agricultural labourers , and woman servants . New Zoaland docs not afford gold-diggings , and the emigrants are ohiefly agricultural ancT pastoral , so that the settler must bo cither employer or labourer , and whatever his brains , without capital , till lie 1 ms capital the lot of the labourer must bo his , as many ft young man knows to his cost . In South Africa , shopkeoping is on tho , same footing os elsewhere ; fanning is on tho same terms of oapital , or tho powor ofr holding on till the ground is covered and crops come up > and there ia employment ia hording cattle and sheep . There is , however , there , Caffre labour available , which

      materially assists the settler . In Natal , too , there is scope for sugar-plantings coffee-planting , cottongrowing , and the arrowroot cultivation . All these require some capital- —sugar-works considerable capital—and coffee-planting some time of expectation before the trees bear . A steerage passage to New York can begot for 5 / . or 8 / ., and to Quebec for the like sum ; but this cheap passage is no consideration for the emigrant , who looks out for the land of promise and pays more . To the Cape or Natal he can get for 12 / . or

      15 / . ; to Melbourne for 15 / . or 18 / . ; to Sydney for 15 / . or 18 / . ; to South Australia , 17 / . to 20 / . ; to Western Australia , IS / , to 20 / . ; to Tasmania , 177 . to 25 / . ; to New Zealand , 26 / . ; and to California , 30 / . The cost of a steerage passage to India , Ceylon , or Hong-Kong , is IS / , to 20 / ., or about the Australian standard , and when emigration flows freely in , on account of the number of ships on the berth , a Calcutta passage will cost no more than a Melbourne one . Once " in India , a young man has better chances than in any other of our colonies .

      Were the Emigration Commissioners to give information to Messrs . S . W . Silver and Co . to include India in their Emigration Guide , or enterprising shipowners to advertise " Emigration to Indiasteerage passage 18 / ., " there would be no want of passengers to India , and an effective emigration would take place .

      1166 The Leader. [No. 449, October 30, 1...

      1166 THE LEADER . [ No . 449 , October 30 , 1858 ,

      Notes On Indian Progress. There Is Littl...

      NOTES ON INDIAN PROGRESS . There is little news from the northern hills . What we have chiefly refers to the gallant capture by Mr . Knox of the Sepoys who escaped f ^ pm the Cashmere Rajah , and were laid hold of near Spiti , one of the dependencies of Kulloo , on the borders of the Chinese territory . This feat was accomplished by one Englishman , at the head of a party of Sikhs , many dsys' march from Simla , among the rugged peaks of the western Himalayas . From the southern hills . we , have' gratifying progress in the annual report of the Conservator of Forests in Madras , which gives much interesting information of the progress of English settlement . His forests are being rapidly cleared by the cofFeeplanters . In the Sissipara , Perarnbady , and Surapngee passes vast clearings are being made . In the

      Coonoor Ghaut six large plantations may be seen , and in the Wynaad there are above thirty large holdings , which the commissioners expect will from year to year increase . The coffee-plant has succeeded admirably in Mysore , and there are patches of cultivation in Madura and even in North Caniara . The conservator expects that the rich valley of the Koondhas will be brought under coffee cultivation . He reports very favourably of Mr . H . Mann ' s tea plantation near Coonoor , in the Neilgherries , There are now about two thousand vigorous plants , a small plantation ns compared with Assam , Dnr . jeeling , or Kumaon , but quite sufficient to test the plant under a planter so intelligent and enterprising as Mr . Mann . A supply of workmen is now wanted for the manufacture .

      The progress of the coffee plantations has necessarily directed the attention of the conservator to the effects on the forests . Ho is altogether favourable to the cultivation , but he is taking measures to preserve the timber trees , tho teak , ebony , and peon trees , and likewise tho fringe along tho crest of mountain ridges , to maintain the climatic operation . As those mountain crests are not suitable for the growth of coffee a restriction on their cultivation can do no harm . From Ootacamund we learn that attention is still being given to the establishment of a Lawrence Asylum for the children of English soldiers ; but tho committee are by no means agreed as to the basis of constitution . This is much to be regrqtted , as such an asylum is much wanted , and would do great good in the Madras territories , and increaso the resources of Ootakamund .

      Assistant-Surgeon F . S , B . F . do Chauinont procoeds to Darjeeling to take medical chargo of that station . One of the hill corps , which have rendered such efficient service during the revolt , haB received distinguished honpurs . Tho Sirmoor Battalion is to bo named tho Sirmoor Biflo Regiment , with the Avord " Delhi" on mi extra regimental colour , and tho appointment of one colour havildar per company , and an extra jemadar to carry the regimental colour . Prom the growing port of Akyab , in Burmah , we learn they koep up their nowspanor , tho Jiiaing Star , but hrtve only one compositor , as tho other , 1 ms boon drowned . The paper fa now published only once instead of twice a week . The distance between Allahabad and Cawnpore , now opened by tho East Indian Hallway , hus beon run in three hours and a quarter .

      The East Indian Railway meeting was held on Thursday . We have referred to the proceedings elsewhere . The important intelligence has been received that the submarine cable across the Gulf of Mauaar , between India--and Ceylon ,-has been laid , and trial signals sent . The line from : Kurraehee- to Bombay was completed on the 19 th of September , and will be soon opened to the public . As Scinde is under the Government of Bombay , this measure is of the more interest , while it will enable the merchants of the growing port of Kurracliee to get early English advices from Bombay on the mail touching there .

      It will be taken as an evidence of the increase of engineers in India , and a most gratifying fact fop the progress of the country , that for the situation of Superintendent of Repairs under the Municipal Commissioners of Bombay , which we are sorry to say is likely to be given to the assistant engineer ia the garrison engineers' department , there were three candidates : Mr . G . D . Dempser , late . architectural engineer to the Great Indian Peninsular Railway and a well-known writer on engineering , Mr . R . C . Rowlands , C . E ., and Mr . James Rose , surveyor and builder .

      The inconveniences of the silver standard are severely felt in India , and although some members of the Government , and the less enlightened Hindoos , are opposed to a change , the best authorities require an assimilation to the English standards . We trust the time will not be long before the rupee and florin are made identical , and the rupee decimalised . Constant inconveniences arise from the present standard . The Bengal and Bombay official returns of the trade . of 1857 do not show such bad results as were expected , but nevertheless the revolt did seriously interfere with trade , antl this year will inflict a further loss on India and England . Bengal indigo , sugar , gunny , hides , mustardrseed , and saltpetre , all show a falling off .

      The cotton export from Bombay , it will be seen by the Cotton Supply Association with pleasure , has , in . the last official year , greatly increased . The export to England in 18 . 57-8 was 229 , 907 candies ,. worth , at the official value , 3 , 133 , 603 / ., and to China 376 , 6467 . The quantities are largely above tho average of the foregoing five years . The Galway Li ^ je of Steamers . —So far as the Gal way' Atlantic Steam Company aria concerned , a satisfactory explanation , with respect to the advertised tonnage and steam-power of their vessels , lias been published in the City Article of the Times , from Messrs . Cake , Adam , and Co ., the Company ' s ship-brokers . and agents . Messrs . Bake and Co . state that they are

      responsible for the advertisements , and they plead custom as an excuse for giving the gross tonnage and effective steam-power of the Galway vessels , instead of tl \ o registered tonnage and nominal power . We have referred to tlie advertisements of other steam companies , and find by a reference to tho " Shipping Register" that what Messrs . Bako and Co . slate is the case . In addition to this , they say that , according to the custom which they have adopted , they have in some instances under and not overstated the efficiency of the Galway line steamers . We consider with the Times , that the custom itself is " better honoured in tho broach than the observance ; " but it is a pity that rivalry and jealousy should have seined hold of so poov nn excuse ht to mand the

      for attack . Tho Galway line oug com suffrages of every well-wisher to our mercantile prospects and greatness . Eventually it will extend tho commerce and dovolop the resources not only of IrolanO , but of Liverpool and Southampton , and every trading port in the United Kingdom . Wo nro sorry to see narrow-minded and short-sighted accusation * so iihIustriously and cngorly disseminated . The Galway ( . ompnny can well afford to keep within tho strictest limits of correct and reliable assertion , whilst it would bettor beBoem older and long-established companies and shipowners to refruin from evil and hostile insinuations niui accusations ngainst a young and flourishing undortuKin , * , which Government has warmly rucofcfiiiscid , «« u « 't ( l which such important interests and magnillcont projects

      are bound up .- ^ JSaaoo ? u . . . Coi'pqr Minks of Sodth Australia . — 1 ho pnncipn . * coppoi 1 mino now being worked is that of tho Win-: Burrn , which pays nt the rato of 400 por cent , po » annum to its original shareholders , tho oro yielding on nn average 22 to 24 per cent , of copper . Tho Iviipun" . of which tho working capitnl la only 0000 / ., » t w «""'' produces at tho ruto of 25 , 000 / . p « r annum , «»<¦ f only 15 nor cont . of copper from tho oro . At U » umllOftVUnt

      bera ' a Mino , an entirely private ontorprlso , <> l , !' , ' ? yield is equal to that of tho Kurra Burrn . A" 0 x * y Lincoln , already proved to bo highly productive am * rich Iff yiold , now lies inactive , from tho apathy oi in " present private owners of tho land . Two more mint « i groat promiso aro now being opened up , Ull ° ' f North Uhlno of South Australia , gives , on n P / oduco o » about . 200 tons , an average yicW of 27 to 10 imrwij of doppor ; anil tho other , tho Bon Accord , although iiob yet returning , gives good indications of early yluw . Mining Journal .

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 30, 1858, page 22, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_30101858/page/22/