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    Qg$o8mm > M$&fct Tltcm * &#j* d4sW Mr*

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    "Ffec* lA<«ft«sam SYs¥K».^TIie licensing...

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  • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

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    Milan. [After Throe Years Of Heroic Stru...

    fcittler is , wiorthy -of record dwring ttie aretft ^ undreji ^' . ears , except that m 1458 Ladovieo , son ofiSie' ^ ten" reigning dukq , was < jto waned King of ^ pi ^^ WlS" 6 n "title , though he was dispossessed immediately , is still retained by the Kings of Sar-< bni 8 * Orftrfeft IHv , Wkfe ' sttcfcee-aMhis brother ^ hifibert ( l « iflba » d'ei'Maigicriet © if'Austria , «« d u ^ cle b ^ - ^ arriage 4 » Francis I . of Franoe > , found his dominions the ' battle-field of all the warlike factions of the age . ^ ainljr ttfe professed neutrality 5 acte d as mediator beWe * eti Fratifcis t . and the Swiss ; again between I > raW & fe and the Pope . jUle Frewch king waged wtfp- < Jwring ' tfee wboJe of bis a-eiga with 'Charles V ., Emperor of Germany , and , in return for the good offices of his uncle , took a great fancy to his dominions , and was for ever seeking pretexts to deprive Min of them .

    3 & e ! fore the friends to the national independence of Italy trust too much to the tender mercies of France in the present , let them search out carefully what has been their nature in the past . A curious document is preserved in the archives of Turin relative to this matter . It is entitled " Declaration de Francois J ., roi de France , par laquelle Q se depart de tons les droits qu'il pouvait avoir eontre la maison tie Savoye . " In this document Francis declares that * ' out of respect and consideration for our near relationship to our very dear and much-loved uncle Charles , Duke of Savoy ,

    and in order to render indissoluble the reciprocal love and entire affection that exist between us , we do cede , cease , and renounce all claims that we may hwve , < ir pretend to have , on the territories of our said uncle . " Then , promising that no dispute or demand shall be urged by himself or his successors against Charles or his successors , he calls on all present to witness that these promises are made ** in good faith , on the word of the king , and on oar honour and conscience . Signed by our own hand , and sealed with our great seal , Francois . " { Guichenou . )

    ! This document bears date , Lyons , Sept . 10 th , 1523 , and in 1535 we find Francis declaring war against his " much-loved uncle , " on the paltry pretext that the Duke of Savoy had attended the coronation-of his rival , Charles V . ! Charles III . was <& ispossessed by his affectionate nephew of the whole erf Savoy and Predasont , excepting a few fortress es . I / oyai Nice , whose port was secured by Andrew Doria ' s galleys , and whose castle was defended by a woman , defied both the French army and the Turkish fleet , and reserved a shelter for " her unfortunate duke .

    It was to his own right arm that Emmanuel Philibert , son of Charles , owed the restitution of his paternal dominions . Faithful to Charles V . throughout his reign , be obtained the famous battle of St . Quentin over the French for Philip II ., son of Charles V ., together with the victoTy of Gravelines . When , therefore , the treaty of Cambresis was concluded between Spain and France , we find u Lettres patentes de Henri II ., roi de France , pour la restitution des etats du Due de Savoye a Emmanuel Philibert , due dudit pays . " In these letters the unfortunate Charles is always spoken of as notrefrere quifut mis hors de sea pays . ^ The States were not benefited by their annexation to

    Fraasce . The parliaments and general assemblies had been altogether discontinued . Emmanuel took care not to restore them ; his aim was to render the sway of the house of Savoy as absolute as possible , and , though the magistrates that he appointed judged equitably during his reign , their power was soon merged in that of the crown which they upheld , rather than restrained . Still Emmanuel left his estates much more prosperous than he found them ; he resided at Turin , and carefully restored order in the administration of affairs . The canton do Vaud and Geneva he could not recover , but purchased the principality of Oneglia and the county of Tenda . He also created an army to protect the coasts .

    The immense territories which Spam possessed in Italy , comprehending Lombardy , Sicily , Naples , and the Island of Sardinia , gave rise to the wars between Franco and Spain , only terminated after eighty years' duration , by the peace of the Pyrenees in 1615 . The reigns of Charles Emmanuel I ,, Charles Emmanuel IT ., Victor Amedetre II ., and Chnrles Emmanuel III . were all distracted tit their commencement by the disputes between Austria , France , nnd Spam , for these same Spanish dominions in Italy . Nothing but the "valbtir awd MnVminded conduct of the Savoy princes could have at all stemmed the torrent of

    itfrasfctit ^ ^ whfle v **^ ' fought bravely when it was necessary , the tint taoment of peace found them employed in the administration of order and justice throughout their realms . So interwoven a " re the results of the contest for the Spanish Succession m ftaiy witn the present ^ affairs of the peninemla , that it is tte'ces'sffryjwst « o gtata <* e at the « awses . Charles II . of Sjptein dying without issue , left ¦ his crown to Philip , ; g # andson of Louis XIV . ; , Iting of France , to pass oil his death to the Archduke Charles , son of the Etopetor of Austria . Such an accession of powfcr *© either France or

    Austria greatly troubled even England at the time . Victor Amedeus II ., who , during the first part of his reign , had meekly . yielded to the French king in his persecution of the "Waldenses , soon realised , by the demtta ^ trf ' ilao ' uis'ifor the city of Turin , what a formidable fteighbdxir he should have if the Bourbons should possess the Milanese territory . In 1702 he joined England , Holland , Austria , and Portugal against France and Spain , and after the famous victories gained by Marlborough and Prince Eugene ., the Archduke Charles was proclaimed Kmg of Spain . By the treaty of Utrecht , however , m 1713 , on the condition that France and Spain should never be

    united under one king , the Spanish crown was restored to Philip , to pass , if he died without issue , to the house of Savoy , Victor Amadeus being crowned King of the Two Sicilies at Palermo . All that the French had taken from the duke they were compelled to restore , and the summit of the Alps was henceforth Jto form the partition-wall between the dominions of Savoy and France . The Spanish possessions in Italy were given to Austria , who thus "became master of the Milanese territory , the Daeby of "Perseany , the Kingdom of Naples , and shortly after of the Island of Sicily in exchange for that of Sardinia , over which Victor Amadeus II . was proclaimed king in 1718 .

    No sooner was he freed from the distractions of war , than Victor proved that his abilities _ as a statesman equalled his talents as a general : science , agriculture , and the industrial arts all flourished in the latter part of this reign . The university of Turin was reformed , and several colleges were founded . Victor married Anne Marie d ' -Orleans , niece to Louis XIV . of France and granddaughter of Charles I . of England . In consequence of this alliance with the royal blood of France , Charles Emmanuel IIf . assisted Philip of Spain , in conjunction with tbe French troops , to reeover tbe Spanish dominions in Italy from Austria . Naples and the Two Sicilies were restored to the Bourbons , but when they attempted to

    recover Lombardy , Charles Emmanuel entered into a treaty with England and Austria in favour of the succession of Maria Theresa , daughter of the Emperor Charles VI . and wife of Francis , afterwards Grand-Duke of Tuscany . The King of Sardinia defended Lombardy with 45 , 000 men , England kept her fleet in the Mediterranean , and after desperate battles the Allies gained the day . Peace was secured by the treaty of Aix-la-Ghapelle , by which Novara , " Voghera , and Vigerano were given to the King of Sardinia . It was thus that the sway of the Bourbons was established in Naples and the Two Sicilies , and

    that Lombardy and Tuscany were attached to the Austrian Empire . During the latter part of his reign Charles Emmanuel III . applied himself sedulously to enrich the public treasury , to encourage the arts and sciences , and to insure freer intercourse between his states by the making of roads and the excavation of canals . He founded schools _ of artillery and mineralogy j left a fine standing army and a full treasury , and yet relieved his subjects from the oppressive taxes levied in the preceding wars .

    Botta says the " monarchy of Savoy at this period wns the most solid of all monarchies . Violence was never done by the reigning house to their subjects , revolutions never occurred among the people . " He attributes this solidity to the extreme moderation with which the Kings of Sardinia used the absolute . power vested in their hands , to their being the head of the army , and to their attention to the internal administration of their estates .

    How this temperate policy was marred and frustrated by the French revolutions , _ which during the succeeding reigns of the Kings of Sardinia devastated thoir dominions in common

    with - « a % > p $ & t Btifces of the peninsula , shall be clearly-demonstrated to those who " call themselves lovera-of liberty and independence , and who , being Italian * , and in Italy , yet < a * e ~ stiH givefc to fondling French revolutions and l ^ rench wars . "

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    Qg $ o 8 mm > M $ & fct Tltcm * & # j * d 4 sW Mr *

    "Ffec* La<«Ft«Sam Sys¥K».^Tiie Licensing...

    "Ffec * lA <« ft « sam SYs ¥ K » . ^ TIie licensing Systemfa , aa yte tettve . -saia , 'designed ^ principally as * means to $ lace the sale of intoxicating liqaors in respeotable hands . la the present state of sooiety , there can "be no doubt that it is extremely important that the persons wta > conduct the sale of an atticfe « o liable to fcsve pettktcious results as ardent « pir ita > should be teen wno have * < oar & for their own good name , who have something to -lose in the wbrld i and who will not allow their house to \> e made

    the resort of aH the reprobates in the tfeighbOTiittood . This is seemed , thotrgl in a very Smperfieet degree , by the regulations which make -all selling illegal unless a . licence to sell has been procured . When spirits are sold , these licences can only be granted by the justices or magistrates , who are perfectly at tifcerty * o grant them or not , as they think fit . But where beer only is sold , any one can demand a licence from the Excise on paying three guineas and presenting a certificate of respectability signed by six hotrseholdei * . This difference in . favour of mere beer-sellers is based on ¦ ttSk opinion which , a quarter of a century ago , was widely entertained , and was sanctioned by the Legislature , that it was spirits , wot ale , that caused drunkenness , and therefore that it

    Would be expedient to give every facility for the establishment of houses Selling beet only . Experience has shown this opinion to be a mistaken one . Beer , especially the drugged beer sold in low pot-houses , causes a Vast amount <* f drunkenness , even without the assistance of spirits : the beer-shops set up at pleasure by any poacher or thief who pleases ( for testimonials to character are always procured so easily as to be nugatory ) are hot-beds of vice , especially in agricultural districts ; and the increased sale of beer has not lessened the consumption of spirits . Nor is the system applied to the sale of spirits at all satisfactory in its operation , for it introduces a very objectionable monopoly . The justices cannot possibly know whether a new house is wanted ,

    and the establishment of a new one ra of course strenuously opposed by those already in possession of the ground . And a great proportion of the existing publichottses are the property of the brewefrs , who bind their lessees to sell none but the products of their breweries . Thus the brewers have a great interest m having licences refused , and the brewers are a very powerful body , and very influential with country justices . A monopoly is created -which often prevents the wants of a district being attended to , and which still more often keeps men of eaterprise and capital out dt the business ,

    This monopoly is as unnecessary for the general purposes of the licensing system as it is vexatious in itself . If people like to set up pnblic-houses where they are not wanted , let them do bo at their peril ; they will soon close them . Bat then let the vendors of all intoxicating liquors , spirits as well as beer , lie ¦ under severe penalties to conduct ; their business properly , to maintain order , to exclude notoriously bad characters resorting thither for improper purposes ; and , above all , to abstain from selling liquor to any one already intoxicated . — Westminster Review .

    American Stace-drivers . —I had so often heard of the cool independence of American stage-drivers that I was curious to witness a specimen of their manners-The first two—for wo changed them with our horseswere not remarkable , but the third would certainly have astonished an English coachman on the north road . Hla dress was peculiar , consisting of a queer head-piece , neither hat nor cap , a light green coat very short in the waist and very long-tailed , bright brown trousers terminating at his ankles , and boots with red legs . Like his brethren of the whip , he grasped the reins in both , hands , leaning forward , and urged his toam by voice and lash in a manner that would have horrified a member o ( the Four-ln-Hand Club . We were opposite an orchard

    full of tempting-looking fruit , when the driver above described suddenly pulled up , and , handing me the reins , bade me hold them whilo ho went to get some apples . It happened that the second coach was close behind ua ; so when my coachmnu had filled his pockets , ho took it into his head to sit by the side of his friend , desiring me , as he mounted the box , to drive on . I obeyed orders , and drove about two miles , passing various vehicles , two of which I nearly fouled ; forgetting that our habit of taking the loft side of tlie road is reversed in America . A « the horses , however , were steady , and I am not alto-. acquittea *™

    gethor ignorant of the art of driving , I my on the whole very respectably , as the driver **} ° ™ *> when it pleased him to resume his oo » t . — A vacation Tour in the United States and Canada . OrKN-A *« rR B Acm W o .-- Tho YdnilanT J * W * * M . A ., a clergyman of tho Ohu « , hotB ^^ , ^ P raised de « k ut the corner of UttU ^ " ^ and Dudley-street , Seven Pl-J " , « to the story of preached a « ^ Jh £ ^? 2 Stonoe , wuo a / flmt the Prodigal Son . IJ « k « d « Mr « induood by ponM > tt ^ nerTlo « taTw £ t th * o gentleman Ld t * miy . "

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Oct. 20, 1855, page 15, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_20101855/page/15/