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Leader (1850-1860), 20th March 1852, Edition Country of 2, Page 8, 268 T HE LEADtB, [S^

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      Letters From Paris. [Fltom Ouh Own Ooitu...

      different regiments . On this occasion all the troops quartered in the neighbouring departments have received orders to march on Paris . The apothecary Fialin the soidisanf de Persigny , will be created IW «? - arch-Chancellor on the day of the proclamation of the Empire . One circumstance alone can prevent the Empire , it is the veto of the Emperor of Rus , sia . But , after having trampled on the consitution . of a whole nation , would you shrink before the veto of one man ? An increasing ferment now reigns in France . The

      agitation lias reached the provinces . The bourgeoisie are on the alert . There might be something startling in that quarter shortly . In another direction the fusion of the two branches progresses . There are several points already on which they agree . A treaty containing four articles has been decided upon :- —1 . The tricoloured flag seme with fleur-de-lis . 2 . The reign of Louis Philippe to be recognised . 3 . The Due de Nemours to go to the Comte de Chambord at Frohsdorf . 4 . The- Comte de Chambord to visit

      the Queen Amelie either at Claremont or at Naples . The Elysians are the ready hawkers of these rumours . In fact , the fusion occupies much of their thoughts . To punish the Legitimists , the decree which re-establishes the titles of the nobility , is only applicable to the imperial nobility . The Elysee declares that the decree shall not be applied to the ancienne noblesse . It is even still further in contemplation to consecrate , by an imposing ceremony at the Tuileries , the conferring of the titles upon such of the nobles as would rally to Louis Bonaparte . To punish the Orleanists , however , it is said at the Elysee that a decree will be issued forbidding the defendants to appeal to the legal tribunals against the presidential decrees , and thus cutting short the legal warfare which the Orleans family are carrying on

      against L . Bonaparte . No note has yet appeared in the Monitewr on the Swiss question . The most contradictory reports prevail on that subject . It is nevertheless patent that Louis Bonaparte flinched before the firm attitude of the Swiss Government ; so that now , feeling himself beaten , be is toadying to Austria . That country still speaks of intervention on her own account . Louis Bonaparte insists on his pretensions , and has declared to the court of Vienna , for the purpose of encouraging it , that if Austria made an armed intervention , he would do the same .

      A fresh menacing note has been addressed to Belgium . This time it is on account of a masquerade at Ghent , in which Louis Bonaparte and his heroic nose were turned into ridicule . The Belgian Government offered to dismiss the Commissary of Police of Ghent ; but Louis Bonaparte demands the sacrifice of the Governor of the Province , and the Belgian Government refuses . S .

      268 T He Leadtb, [S^

      268 T HE LEADtB , [ S ^

      Continental Notes. The Moniteur Of Thurs...

      CONTINENTAL NOTES . The Moniteur of Thursday published the estimates for 1852 . The State expenditure is calculated at 1 , 430 , 363 , 244 francs ; the receipts at 1 , 449 , 413 , 604 . The import duties on fermented liquors are reduced by half , and those on liquors sold by retail raised by half . The war estimates are augmented by 7 , 000 , 000 francs ; those of the navy by 12 , 000 , 000 francs . The extraordinary works are augmented by 14 , 000 , 000 francs .

      On Wednesday appeared a decree for the reorganization of the Legion of Honour . Louis Bonaparte declares himself to be its chief and grand-master . Many new formalities are introduced , and the admissions into theorderaro tobeonamore restrained scale than hitherto . The Legion of Honour , however , has been too irromediably disgraced by the wholesale nominations of stockjobbers and place-hunters under Louis Philippe , and of adventurers and Decembrists under the new

      Bonuparti « t era . The- riband is now a . badge of servility , it not of dinhonesty . Grimier do Caasagnac , once the paid writer of Guizot on the Epoque , defends the confiscation decrees in the Constitutionnel , by heaping coarso and cowardly insults ou the house of Orleans . All the documents , pro and eon—tho protest of tho executorB , the legal opinion against tho decrees , and tho pamphlet in their defence—are permitted to appear in tho journals .

      Tho Bishop ,, of Orleans lias declined to accept a scat in the Supremo Council of Public "Instruction . Tho Bishop ia . probably awake to tho insecurity of tho tonuro , Tho Suisso , of Borno , of tho 14 th inHtant , publishes tho answer of the Fodoml Council to tho French noto of . Tun . 24 . It ifl datod Fob . 0 ; is addressed to Count Ralignac-Fenolon ; and , after quoting tho arrogant forms in which the demands of tho French noto woro couched , asserts that Switzerland is not tho Hcono of Buch plots againHt Franco or other eUiton aa is atated j but , wore it ho , the Federal Council Iujb novor refused to do whatever international law can juetly roquiro of it , The answer then observes that

      ¦ what is demanded in the note of the 24 th of January is entirely new . According to it , the authority of the country is to have nothing further to say as to the ulterior sojourn or expulsion of strangers who have been received in the country , and who live under the protection of its laws and its institutions ; in future it will depend rather upon a mere sign from a foreign legation to decide what measures the authorities shall take in the domainof the police regarding foreigners . If the Federal Council did not refuse to comply with the demand made to it , it would violate in the gravest manner the Federal constitution , aswell as its most sacred duties towards the country , which has confided to it dictatorial and superior executive power ; for ifc cannot but see in this demand a serious attempt against

      the independence , the dignity , and the liberty of the confederation . There cannot but be seen , moreover , in this demand a decided interference in the internal affairs of Switzerland . But if the Federal Council declines to accede to the demand which has been addressed to it , it does not follow that it will permit the refugees to take steps hostile to other states whue they remain on the Swiss territory . The Swiss Federal Council hopes it has given all the assurances compatible with the honour and independence of the confederation , and which fully satisfy the demand of international law . Further , the threat by which the note is terminated cannot make it leave the path traced out for it as much by the profound sentiment of its duty as by international law , and it- doubts not by the voice of the Swiss people . _ . ¦ '

      The Belgian newspapers entering France being now , in common with other foreign journals * subjected to a duty of three cents , per copy , the Belgian government has laid a similar impost upon French papers entering Belgium . \ M . Hulsemann , Austrian Charge d'Affaires in the United States , is said by the Augsburg Gazette to have received orders to return to Washington . The Lloyd

      of the 13 th announces that Prince Schwarzenberg was sufficiently recovered from his indisposition to have had an audience of the Emperor on the previous day . The Grand Dukes Michael and Nicholas of Russia arrived in Vienna on the 12 th . M . Anthony Kutschera , formerly editor of a Styrian newspaper , and since confined in the prison at Gratz for publishing sentiments displeasing to the ministry , emigrates to America , the government bearing bis expenses . ^

      In Bavaria there is a contest between the State and the Church . The German journals publish a letter from the Pope to the Archbishop of Bamberg , commending " the priestly courage , solicitude , and circumspection" displayed by that prelate in asserting the prerogatives of the See of Home against the monarch and the government , and assuring him of the continued hearty support of the Pontiff . Even in this Catholic kingdom , it is complained the rights of the Church are not properly respected , nor have her powers free play . The Augsburg Gazette reports that the whole Episcopate of Bavaria has resolved to unite in new and strong representations to the king on the principles of their late ultramontane manifesto .

      The Jesuit missions in Franconia ( Bavaria ) , all on a sudden , have been interdicted by special order of the King . From Baden and Wurtemberg thousands of emigrants are wending their way to Franco and Northern Germany , in order to embark for America . The troops of the Duchy of Baden were released on the 13 th insfc . from their oath to tho constitution , and being re-sworn , undertook " to fight bravely against any enemy so often as and in what manner the Duke may think fit . " Tho Protectionist Cabinet in England is said to excite great apprehensions in Denmark on account of tho commercial activity which has sprung up between the two countries since tho establishment of Free

      Trade . Wo may judge , says tho correspondent of the Morning Chronicle , of tho value of tho Danish agricultural export to England from tho following list of tho exportation from tho western harbours of North and South Jutland alono , during tho last year , by steamers only , which has just been laid before tho Diet : —Exported by steam from Jutland , 1851—Horses , 91 ; largo cattle , 17 , 456 i calves , 8 ; shoep , 6346 ; Hwino , 1523 ; foxes , 16 ; turkeys , 21 ; butter , 382 ^ barrels ; corn , 277 ^ ba rrels ; pork , 215 , 9141 bs . j eggs , 83 , 940 ; wax , 1279 lbs .

      Tho Emporor of Austria has boon to sea in tho Adriatic with tho Austrian steam squadron , which executed under his orders a sort of sham naval fight in tho Bay of Trieste

      Louis Blanc And Mazzini. What Fbbnoli: S...

      LOUIS BLANC AND MAZZINI . WHAT FBBNOli : SOCIALISM IS , ANP 18 JSTOT . { To tho Mditorof tho Leader . ) ( I / HTTEJt V . ) This French Socialists do not , in any sisjmH o « DIoailKK , AIM AT TJUS SWl'JtKSBlON OJB CAPITA ! ,. And . tint ) may bo affirmed , for tho very Bimplo reason that tho wordh euri'itjassiON ov capital art ) nonson « e ! Wluit ifl Capita , in reality f Tho d ^ fijoitions given by

      the economists are not identical : their common m ing , however , is perhaps , as neatly as possible , resumSl in that given by the philosophical theorist , John Stuarf Mill : Capital is wealth appropriated , to reproductiZ employment . we Whilst he is working , man has need of nourish ment , of clothing , of a home ; he requires the materials to work upon ; . he must jiave machines , implement ? They are Capital . You accuse the . Socialists of de siring to suppress Capital ? A ludicrous imputation " in truth ! You might as well accuse us of desiring to suppress the crops that nourish us , the flocks that

      supply us with wool , the houses that afford us shelterin short , the whole of our materials of labour ! The Socialists know , believe me , marvellousl y well , that Capital is the niost beneficent of divinities : that from its fruitful union with labour , springs wealth : that when we decompose the price of any given product of a pair of cotton hose , for example , the n ecessity and the benefits of Capital are discovered i n the analysis of the share that accrues to the squatter who cleared the land in Carolina , to the canvass that drove the shin from New York to Havre , and to the machinery that turns ten thousand knitting needles * The Socialists

      are not at all unaware that it is to the intervention of Capital , in the form of wagons , of horses , of railways , of locomotives , that the workman is indeb ted for the power of doing in one day what , without such help , he would not have accomplished in two months . But it is precisely because Capital is fruitful , because it is necessary , because it assures to mankind the gratuitous cooperation of nature : yes , it is precisely because of all these its results , that the Socialists prefer a regime that would place it at the disposal of all , by the association of forces * to a rSgime that commits it to the mercy of a few , -

      What the Socialists combat is not Capital : it is Capitalism : that is to say , the absorption and the invasion of Capital by a limited number , to the exclusion of the mass . _ In his famous treatise on Corn Trade Legislation , Necker supposes certain men who find" the means of taking " exclusive possession of the air , m others have

      taken exclusive possession of the soil . -Then he represents them devising tubes , inventing pneumatic pumps , which would enable them to rarefy the atmosphere in one place , to condense it in another , so as to dispose of the respiration of the human race . Now what are we to think of their reasoning if , in order to prove the legitimacy of their exclusive right over every portion of air fit to breathe , they insisted that air is in the highest degree beneficent and necessary ; that without air we could not breathe , that for want of breath we should cease to live ? What would be thought of their

      good sense , if , to those who might reproach them with monopolising the air , they took it into their heads to reply—You desire to suppress it , then ? The sophism perpetually employed by the adversaries of Socialism , consists in confounding tho utility of Capital with that of Capitalism . As if the utility of a thing depended on its being a monopoly , and not

      on itself . Here is a road , for instance , which is the exclusive property of a company of speculators ; whence this consequence—that we must pay for using it . Is it , then , useful because of this tariff ? No ; on tho contrary , tho tariff is a barrier erected against whoever cannot pay , and has tho effect of limiting the use of the road ; and so , the more limited the use , tho less useful is tho

      road . Here is a machine just discove , which becomes through a patent tho exclusive property of the inventor : is it tho patent that makes tho machine useful ? Far from it . Universalised in its app lication , and placed at tho service of all tho artisans associated marvellous

      in work , it would immediately produce results ; whilst in tho hands of one man only , an " under the rSgime of anarchical competition , it runs tno risk of becoming a hostile weapon , a bludgeon wita which tho cxclusivo possessor will crush his rivals , n »« break tho arms of thousands of poor workmen , cap i - tal IS W 13 ALTH ntT / CTIMED BY LABOUB : CAPITA is a greedy intermediary , who , by tho onerous cmditions ho imposes ' on tho union of tho two , d » im !" " . where ho does not destroy its fecundity . Capital tho tfooso with tho golden oggs : let uh dctona

      ugain . st thpHo who are for cutting it ojion . What ih credit P According to tho regime of >»" dividualiHin , it In tho" confidence which induces a pitnliHtto lend to an industrious man , fora certain j determined , and in consideration of . ft premium , onj- »' interest , tho use of that portion of capital of wlueu latter has need to turn his industry to advantage . Now , in order that this kind of transaction mi W carried out , two conditions are indispensably rcquw 1 st , That tho capitalist shall find hto advantage m w eonting thereto , and ho does find it in tho receipt

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), March 20, 1852, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_20031852/page/8/