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      . Female School Op Art And Designs (~*I ...

      necessitated to withdraw that sum from the school , and eventually to leave it to support itself . . ; c \ Such , then , is the present , position of an exceedingly useful institution . It must either stand or fall presently . ¦ _ By the withdrawal of the large and munificent grant of £ 500 , if weans be not iiad of replacing it , the school inust ultimately break up- Now the question which at this crisis the Committee of the Female School of Art and Design- " propounds is , whether the school is of sufficient value to deserve an effort to maintain its existence ? Tins question , we think , is already settled by the report on the progress and success of the school from the beginning . It has borne good fruits . It has educated and found employment for a great number of young which

      women , who , without such a place and the opportunities , it affords , would , it is probable , have lived in indigence and misery . When the piety and benevolence of the age-are directed towards the consideration of what shall be done for the social redemption of thousands ( with whom , however , let it be understood , we do not in the remotest sense , connect the students associated with the institution whose ' wants we are advocating ) , it is a fitting time to bring forward for public sympathy and support the " Female School of Art and Design . " The situation of the school in Govver Street is convenient for ihe North and West of London , as well as for the Citv , and . this forms a principal reason why it should be maintained there . The Committee propose , in order to nreserve the school

      from closing , that suitable premises for it be purchased _ in its present neighbourhood . To purchase such premises , it is estimated that at least £ 2000 will bo required . If this sum could be raised to curry out the intentions of the committee ; there .-is every reason to believe that by careful management of its expenses , the institulion would be placed upon a permanent basis , a ; consummation devoutly to be wished . We -sincerely hope that the necossitous condition of the school being known ., the appeal now ¦ i niide oil behalf of it will be liberally responded-to . ; & o that , as everybody must desire , it may be placed on a firm , self-supporting , foot-ing , capable of carrying out to the utmost the kind and generous object for which it was instituted .

      March 17, I860.] The Leader And Saturday...

      March 17 , I 860 . ] The Leader and Saturday Analyst . 257

      Italian Political Philosophy,* Rnhe Poli...

      ITALIAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY , * rnHE political regeneration of Italy has been accompanied , or -1- rather it would be more correct to say that it has been -preceded , by a philosophical regeneration . This was the case , likewise , in ¦¦ Germany in the earlier part of the century . Its great philosophers , especially Firhte , had to lilt up their mighty and miraculous voice before grand deeds could be done . They who flespise philosophy , despise not ' merely- the deepest human thought , the . richest ii'i ' man phantasy : thev despise lilcewisu the . most infallible herald of political revohitiqn . ' k spiritualist philosophy predicts , prepares political changes that are blissful , a materialist philosophy political changes that -are baneful- M . Deb . rit , therefore , in this excellent volume . 1 ms done good service in reference not . merely to Italy s

      philosophical progress , but also to its . political disenthralment . He has devoted several years to studying the writings ^ of Italy ' s three chief modern philosophers—Antonio Itosmi . ni , Serbati Torenzio Mainiani , and Vinceiwn Gioberti . The iirst of th .-so was born in 1707 , and died in 1855 ; the second ' was horn in 1700 , and is still alive ; the third , and the most celebrated , was born in 1 S 01 , and died in 1852 ; so that they worn , in the strictest . seu . , contemporaries—belonging ' , ' furthermore , to our own generation . They had this in common besides—that they all hud a part in ' political affairs ; not much to their own satisfaction , nor the satisfaction of anybody else . However , wo may do them infinite injustice-. by jim . ' -in" - them in an English fashion ' -, ojid by an English standard . We are more and « norc convinced the n . ioro wo read , meditate , loaru , that only the natives of a country can understand its polities , Forei the

      nm interpret its spiritual movements . gners-oven neatest aixl the justo . st— -tin . * only guoss . und in thu majority otcases they must guess wrong-, 'With all our researches , do we really kn-nv anything of antiquity , of that life which Hung itself forth nnc «> iwtraiiiBd into tho generous sunlight ? What blnniler * , lu-enehmc i make about England ! What blunders . Englishman make about everything mid everybody 1 It ' iiu honest , inudligont , patriotic native tolls us something ahout his country , wo arc in the mimulwjmsed to credit what ho say . s , ovon if prejudice Boi . mjvvlmt bias , bun . JtJu-t what ouri the cleverest foreign eomwpoiulent tell ua which is nob likely to mislead ? In tho conduct of RoHinini , Mimnani , Gioborti , there may really have boon wisdom , whore wo ueo only fully ; that may httvc boon a sublime ardor which wo pronounop a wili ' lfanntioisin— 'that n divine faith which wo condemn as a blind credulity . They wore Italians ami Catholics , and we two

      Protestants and . Englishmen . One of bliisir errors wo think pardonable enough—that ol taking u liberal Pope us bite centro of u now Italian Civilization ; thus placing IfcnU for iho third tiino at , tho head of JSurone—uf tho world . Roimb'lican , succeeded by Iinpouul , Home was aunromo in utitiquity ; i ' up-il Uoiuc , with its magnificent handmaidens , tho Italian AvoimDlics , was Hupretno in tho Middle Atfos . Why should not iov a third time . Italy conquer , command , transform munkl » m P Lot ne li « iar , lli-at of all , M . Dobrifs reply to tho quest oik lb is verily strange , ho savs , to sue ho many gated minus , so many noble ' iutoHigonooa , found , all tliujr hopua for tho future on tho mad conception of ii liberal Pupaoy , us _ if those two words uxtnppsod did nob involve a flagrant ; contradiction . Ib does nob

      depend on the good intentions of a Pope , as Pius Ninth has sufficiently proved , to realize that which is impossible . Authority , in effect , cannot transform itself into liberty without destroying itself . Every reform is for-anthority an abdication * Rome converted into a constitutional city , Rome obedient to the representative system , Rpme with an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber , Rome trusting to itself , directing itself ; Rome , finally , after a minority of two thousand years , receiving from the hands of the Pope the virile robe , is one of those Utopias which do not bear an instant's examination . If such a Rome were possible , Rome would assuredly no longer be the Rome whioh we know , the abode and the patrimony of the Papacy , and Catholicism would no longer be Catholicism : not that ib would thereby cease to be Christianity ; it would merely be

      another form of the Gospel . The character ' of infallibility , which the . Church attributes to the sovereign Pontiff , excludes in the Roman States all national representation , in the same way that it excludes , in the order of ideas , all religious tolerance , all liberty of thought , all criticism , and all philosophy . Home , the Pope , the expurgatorial index , Jesuitism , the laws against sacrilege and blasphemy , are all things of Which the existence is inseparable , or rather ,. to " speak more correc tly , these are only the manifold forms of one and the same principle , —authority . Catholicism is not an assemblage of heterogeneous elements ; it is an edifice , immensey 1

      harmonic , where everythingis bound and blended , where everything is in its place , ' where no part can be severed from the whole , where the whole cannot live robbed of a single one of its parts . Take away a stone , only one , everything'falls to pieces : and of this splendid monument which the Protestari-t Leibnitz admired-, as- . the masterpiece of human skill , nothing remains but ruin , desolation , chaos . '¦ ' ¦ . Between . Catholicism and liberty , there is no possible compromise : we must . necessarily choose the one and rejVct the oilier .. But to intrust to the Pope the guardianship of liberty , is , by an incuicji . vable aberration , to place the keys of the fortress in the hands-of-the-enemy . . .

      This , 'M . Debrit , is tho truth : but ib is not the whole truth . We believe that Rosuiini , . Mai-niani , CJioberti , and inany earnest and piUriotic souls have been deluded : bub we think that the delusion was natural enough . Read Joseph De Maist ' re ; read Lamennais read any one who " strenuously upheld the Papacy without being a Jesuit , and you will tind that the idea of the Papacy is that pf uiiity and universality , nut that of atitliority and infallibility . The power of the popes really arose from the holiest principles of human nature , and in them it still " subsists . One faith , one worship , one celestial brother ^ hoodj these , and-riot any theological crotchets of authority and infallibility , are what the Catholic heart clings to . JSTow , as faith , and worship , and brotherhood demand a religions bond , why should not the Pope symbolise the bond ? And while symbolising the head , why should not the Pope be the patriot of patriots in Italy ? With the vanity of southern nations , Itosmini , Mainiani , Gioberti , wished still more to see Italy ( ore-most than free . Gioberti proved tliis by his boundless and yet sincere . contradictions . The French would , all turn . Volbairemis ' to-morrow , if thereby they could add .-a

      thousand square miles to the area of France . In politics we demand noble motives— -unimpeachable- veracity , ardent patriotism , thorough unselfishness : but we do not demand absolute wisdom : —in politics , still more than in war , we must be satisfied , not with complete victories , but with the fewest failures . As regards politics , then , we have not one word of condemnation , or even of criticism , to fling at HuSinini , Mainiuui , and Gioberti . But in philosophy the affair changes its . aspect altogether . . These three gilted men are certainly not original in , philosophy : —they- are all the less original from clinging so exclusively to Italian traditions , and from overlooking what thu only grout pln'Io . sophor . s of . modem days , the Clurniimst , achieved . ¦ Patriotism is of every countryhad the sulilimesfc

      philosophy is of no country . The Italians have philosophers j Tliomas Aquinas , Our dearly bolo ' ved Giordano Bruno , the Martyr Campanula , and 1 ho many more , 'Rosmini , Mmniani , and Giyberti . aro incomparably inferior to all these men . Uut ib is utntngo that so marUod , so persistent , so fierce , and so |) oloinic : il as id lUiliaii individuality , t . hat tlioro has never yob been a piim Italian philosopher . Every ltaliaii philosopher has had a Ihunlogioal , scientific , or polilioiil battle to fight . Ib seems us if tho buttling genius ol the ancient Human wore -i in mortal in Italy . . . Ji ^ or M . Dobrifc wo have most cordial ami grretol ' ul words , Ho is fiouiewjiab imprisoned in formulas ; ' bub ho muuns well , knows whut ho is about , and is very modest . Head him , if only for his modesty .

      « J/.Moli'o (Ian N.Xrtrliwl'/Tlfahoiihlu...

      « J / . Moli'o ( Ian n . xrtrliwl' / tlfaHoiihluuoti iUiuh I'Italia Contmupurahic . Par . Maiuj Dnnitrr . Paris i Moymols .

      Mmitial.* Rpiiw World", As It Grows Olde...

      MMITIAL . * rpiIW world " , as it grows older , loses much of its rovoronoo for 1 aiiuiunt Rome . Tlio virtues of tho republic dwindle away whilst tho vious of the omnii'o stand out n « un > prominent , mat romor ' soloss oritiuism which liits . robbod tho noble pages ot Uvy ot the ohann whioh faith in tho heroic deeds they recount lout to them , has loft unimpaired the testimony which tho epigrnim ot M . vrtiat . irivo to tlio inoiislcous dobauchory ol tho C ^ jsaus ana their subjects . Tho historinn luw o > " » o to be regarded us » poet , losing thus his jrx-oatuat moritj and tho poot ; , Ins wit and gi-uco unultbotod , takes rank as an historian- — -not , -lnacod , oi pillayo ima aliiwtfhtor , bub of what is us much regarded now ;* wtoya—mi " » 'ers and inopftla . Wliuro will tho curious atndunta of tho yo » r . * 500 a . d . got such phototjrH |» Jw ofour puooadilluuaP Tlmuk Hon von . mUooJ , we

      * Tho .Wplmw* ^ Mtvlm, Tranaiatod Irtto ...

      * Tho . Wplmw * ^ MtvlM , Tranaiatod irtto KnK » ah prwo . BMh uoQouinunio . l V ono or inuro vonio triiiinlatlonn , utv . 11 . u . » ' > ' > "

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), March 17, 1860, page 13, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_17031860/page/13/