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    ¦¦ ^r^issy-..-- ¦ 'f.l^.gi.Afeli,, ^^. ....

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    . . .. . ___ ^ M ; ^ . ^^^^^^^^2 Sh¥ Soc...

    __ ~ , v ; i ; -.- ; : m ¦; - : •('> . ' > 'TJ 1 / . ' GP- . T . 'T H' 0 "' "' " ^ wTien ever you wan t / to probe , ' to ascertain tne de-CV of ' rottenness that ^ lii Ihe st ate . It cannot go GLr t ¦* - «!* we , waftt ^ . # > a * jfa *& - M « winl fti ^ accoin . iiSact of creation ; to elicit life-collective , progres-? thatthroug h anatomy /? J j- The'coldv negativ ^ a & trd ? - nffWork of : ^ p ti < H ^ . ti ^*^ I ^ 8- ' ^ ' f ^!* - * ^ ^ floWist ' ing wijtjkF * encb , influertceueosie 34 year ago ^ SSuM «^ WPfcft * W ^ n * a , anareh , " i - * - * « , « ivnv that . I shall ; never desert ,:. It has left

    . „ Si &^ flt ^^ nation , a gigan ^ corpse , ap ^^ -Ju t ^ e r ^ bpdyjn Tfalv knbw £ that it is a corpse , :,. J ^ nd ^ here $ . lie ^ > in , his * S ^ : & --iiffe co ^ ¦ w $ p m ^^ scroll in his' Mhtf % ' ri ^ ' ^ Gaei < from which . ju , ^ litfe S of iVeficn or A ' tistriltt ^ ayoriets ' fean dazzle oiif fuM Ttnlian eve away . What ffeeft' have we Mif of the analo-Svknifc ?; V GMre ^ fa jjgM' ^ Gba ; the ' airof G ^ dfreedom < - < rthe corpSeiwill sirik ^ o'aust'ariaatoftfc i'Tfianfc God we * haveStfiitaly * o otifce ^ cotfse tb' n & ary . Arlstfrcracr royalty ^ fcave never fceeft ^ s ^ si ^ d / fti oft ^ lattd bf inanicifmKtic & i wt £ th ! ^ real Active JifeJ- ' ' ^ Phey ! haVe Hech cloudTlike phantoms * fercfcgKfe acrbss'thetliistory bt ; the Italian eleinent % fojteign winds * ndi iStoms . j Iheyiwitt nass awayj . as . soon ^ aB we jsbalivibe « inable & tft ; qnji © . jjr lour own i > ure . ra diant-skiesiiana , ^ reathe , unmixed £ he ) afetfctf

    flows frbm our own cities . Materialism has ney £ r , b 0 ? pia thin <* of pure Italian growth . It Jias sprung . uj ^ aS i areactioVigaiiitet Paj > a % r jnri . ii ffc" ? ^^ ces ' - ' / ex ^^ ed , ^ times when our o ^ ge ^ forei ^ schools bfp h ^^^ teristic of the Italian mihd- ^ -and liistoify ; : when ; irme earmstly a ^ iieipjy '' sifted ; tvill proVeJ : I tftist ; ^ h £ trut ^ of what ! am say ^^^ that 'ii itetttrafl ^ and cont ^ nvipj ^ l ^ aims ' at the fiaimibnising pf wiiat w £ ^; s ^ hith ^; and analysis- ^ ttieor ^ aii d prai ^ e ^ ' anid biigjw ^ o ratt beaten io iv

    anueaijin , , 'jlv- . «* »»» gi * ijf » oxig «* o ¦ v ~<; v * v *»» j . ;~ n ;» ffi ¦? •"•? stinctive asjjnra ^^^^ strong ,: -irrigsistible'fe ' eifng"ihat ''^ re ' : oug ^ vtb ; feal ^ e ^ s riiuch as we ' catf of tliai fdeal 'in ftnr ^ ; tei * estrial ; cbiicerjasj that every ' thought ongfrfc ib B 6 , as far as possib | ei em ' bodied into aetiofr . Ffttobur ^ jE friisj ;^ to ^! s ^; ib ; ui ^ and , ruled kccordfng'tol ¦&' c ^ rtalid ' heavenly ' Scheme , dpwii to ' t ^ e 16 th century-- ^ rpni the deep religious i ^ ea > vith w ^ ie | i $$ jsbldier of ancient ' 3 ^> me V ^ lde ^ tif ^ g 'fiis dut ^ ' ^ p ^ rlis the City db ^ rii toi the ^ ^ ' religibw s ' ym ^ l / the bkn ^ c ^ 'tejl in front of bur national troptik'in tne rhiddie ages-rrfrom ,

    the Italian sohbolrf of the Peninsula By PythagoraS j k reli jgfciiis , ' ana p , ' * pbliti-j cal society at once ;; dowtt t ' fr ' otir glreat pliilofophjr of , ' the 17 th . centuryi ; fti e . acf of whM ^ oii will nn « T a scieritifio system , ' and ' & ' ' politicit ITtopia ^^ eyery manifipst ^ tiou' of the ^ e , 'br $ m $ J $ tion of the social earthly medium under the conjunpti p h of a religious belief . ' Our grfeat' Loint ) ai ^[ league . \ ^ VRS planned ill Pbntidad , iri ' aiipld moniastery , '' the gaqred . ruins .

    of which are Still ertant . Our republican parliaments iu ' the old Tuscan cities were p ftfiini held ini the temple ? pf , God . We are the children and inheritors pf their glpripus , tradition . We feel . thai tne final Sojution " of , the great re-i ligious problem , examination o ^ , the sPul , liberty of con- ; scien ce , acknowledged throughout and for all mankind , is , placed providentiallyjtii oiir handej that iho world shall , never be'free froni ' organized imposture' before a flag , of religious liberty waves high ; from the tjajt " pt the Va | ican ; that in such a mission to ^ be fulfilled"lie )? the g ; eniiis of bur ^ initiative , the claim we" have on th' o heart ' and sympathies ofV'ttrnhMUa ^ ' AbA W < s ytn ^ iai wKIief bW . beaw ^ i

    faith in the icy streams of athe | sm ! w 6 , " wlip 3 p life has been twice—never / forgot ' , it—the unity ' of Europe , would novv , hpW that we are bent on a more completely national evolution , trample down that privilege undbr some i fragmentary negative crecdi asaatnihg the parent thought ^ and leaving individuality to flow in tho ' vacuum of nothingness . We are riot anarchists ) destroyers ' of nil authority , followers of . Proudhon < tho Mephiistoiih ^ leaf of democracy . Tho whole problem of the world is 't 6

    jw one of authorityi , ! W « ' do beKevd in authority : we thirst for authority : Only , we feel bound : to > ' ftBk 1 ^^!^! - © is it P With the Pope ?—with th <* BnipcrorP-- ^ with the fcrocious or idiotic princes , now keeping our Italy dianieYh-i bored into foreign vice-royalties P Do they gufde ? TX ) tl » ey edncateP Do-thoV believe in themselvesPThfc ^ roprcsB ; they organize ignornWflo ; th ^ f trample and per ^ flocutc . They Jiftva : neither initiating pbwor , ' n 6 r faith ; nor capneity of martyrdom , ¦ nor knowledge , not love . 1 hey havd Jesuits and spies , prisonfl and scftflfoldBl Id thrtt guulanco authorityP : Can- woi wJthont desecratintf 6 nr

    » mmortnl flduls , M { ithput betrayingthe'CAlling ^ of every man ; bcck truth . mid Act < accordingly , bond our knee before them ; "bdicato into their hand * nil our' Italian feelings , and rovere them as tcuchersj merely bocntiab they are eur- ' rounded b ybnyonota'nnd gondArMod ? ' We want authority ; j «> t a phnntom of nuthbrityj religion ; not idolatry ;^ the nero , not the tyrant . Our problem is ;* n educfttipnal one . J' 08 P oti 8 mi ntld anarchy nreequal fo &» tb eduehtittn . ' Wd 8 p » rn them both . ¦ The first' cancel * . liberty J the ; ac « bnd tS m mOt w 0 ^« "t trtedilonto free ' ag ^ rtto for ! a oooial w v " m nre n ° MorroriBtsi > That ngain we leaVe to the wonk . Terrorism is weakness . It Jias always been my « ° Tconviction that the * Venehi % « tf de la Tertfiitrvifm nouuag but cowardly terror -ih tlidscwho of ganged the ¦ yotem . They , crushed bewmflto they fe « red to bo crushed j Rn « tllcy crushed nil those by whom th » y feared to b «

    crushed . They lost" the revbiutibn : and that prolonged rdtftiiace-whiehT- they lefb behind -their , graves'is-still ^ bre unbst pow & fful' © neniy that Ererich revolution lias to encounter ^ widiin th ^ hearb of the millibnsr- We ! havd nothing to do * with it ^ Trtietta ^ energy ^ bf < bold , ' contfnningf devoted action ; the rushing to the ' frontier bf countlessi'shoielesB / ^ penniless ^ volunteers , intb ^ catM With ' thfevMars ^ ^ cred' ilkm e ¦ of inclivisible Pranefe—^ the true - saviours in ltSS ' of'the-repubMel the prbfclamatiotf , in which the Sicilian patriots of 1848 were saying tor the ^ governtrient , ' ?'> -fflb shall rise an * oonqaer- on such a day if you doinot

    fulfil yotti ? prbmise , ^' Bnd 'the Subsequent rising ; the Iombardv 1 ) ataicade 6 . begunvtittKe very ipoment in which impet rial ' concessions- ^ e ^ eplacarded , by-pe 6 plc ; who had only iti ftheir 'feog 8 eWs ? oft' 400 ¦ fowliHg * piecesr- ^ bnr 6 wii , t & nidvibg " 'ali'Sdntrles' ftbttiOuf dobrs : in' iRomei whilst all our troop ^ hWd b « eil ^ eni ! but'td m ^ t and' Send Back the King of N ' rfples- 'at ^ Vellktii and the iFrencft 'invaders werfe ^ nnder the wallsi aflrfthrtatening advicei were cWming of ah intended attempt ? fton 4 $ Popish paVty agafnst on * personsi Against Whbht shpuld \ ye apiJlyte ^ rbrfsih in Italy ? There were in Fr ' atige , difring'tlifegreat ^^ TeVolutiofa , sufficie < iVcauses—not fbi ^ justifying- but-fbf torpTatniiig ; the course adoptefd : a at iiu

    powertuiaristocracy , an armyxne rronweo » p »»« clergy ' Jn : ifhe ! "Vefade ^ 1 - tPc ^ urt plotting with ^ the fdreign eiieMy' % ^ ris , a' itireateiiiAg' germ of : Federalism in the pi'bViiice ^ "Wl ^ wnfere is } jit ftaW , the ^ itit ^ al eitemi ? mM % ot ihe h ^ lf b"f otifliornbarH martyjfs'ltxaibesbelong-- ^ sitic ^^ lV « nfee ' GbhfaWhierrs , sufl ^ ng at tU Spielberg- ^ toPifti ^ ybtf ^ all p " ur iristocracy ? " JDid a single niari stand i ^ , ready t ( i encbiintcr niartyV-doni / . fbr ; ' thji ^ Pppe ,: wh 6 h we , fiM infl 8 p ; ithe / i in l $ fo ^ decree ^ ^^ itioh of his feinporal ppwer '? Is ^ , t ; h er ^ . a single foreign honest traveiler ift Italy ^ ybu see that ^ db not speak' of Titessrs ,

    Gbehrane / a ^'^ cfarl ^ encj ? bf ; a , ppyir 6 rf ^ i < i & pienfhNos £ ile fb . ofx national paf ^? 1 $ ' ^ here a inan ^ pi ' good impartial . sense who doubts that , ha ^ npt French " and 4 Austrian troops ) interferecl ,. the Pope , ferifipni ^ uu ^' re | p ^ ted 14 Tfifoyae , wpuld he by . this time in -Avignpii , pr ;^!^ 0 ^ perhaps in DubliDu The French tjfp ^ ps had . lan ^ e ^ , Aij ' s ^ ian ? and ^ eapplitans ^ were maich . ^ irigj anil we , compellipid a § , iyevwere to . concentrate allr pur fprcps in Roniie , ^ M & n ° tjl single , spldierrrAncona excepted ,- ^ -thrtnighput ^ he province j . when wesent a circular to ail ¦ " wun | cipalfties ; ltown ; cbjunpjls ^ invthe , Roman

    terri-! tprjr , ^ skjng thijm to declare formally and solemnly wner i tl « pr they wished for the je-enthronement of the Pope or the ^ maintenance of our own republicangovernment ? I grounded no hopesIon such . a manifestation .: I knew that np European government would side by the weak . I wajatedi ; altistoricalv record / that I co . ujid exhibit , in , after i timesj to : all dispassionate seekers of truth as an index of Italian public opinion ; and it came out . From all localities—with the exception of two invaded already _ by French ' , trobps-rrthe answer was unanimous : Republic and no ; Pope . The documents ^ all signedj were published , during tho siegeand the huge volume could now be found ,

    , neglected and dusty , amongst other Italian documents in your Foreign-office . Is there any need of Terrorism with such a people ? At Milan , during the five days ' fighting , Boka was arrested by the people , Bolza had been , for many years , director of the police —feeling the hatred of the people , and hating . Scarcely a single familyin Milan had reached those glorious days without having > sufffered through him , without having seen the cold satanic smile of the man whose supreme delight was that o « Uw « w * pawttng : the ' police agents "brdercd' to arrest his fresh from the

    victims . And they asked ^ those men barricades and breathing revenge—what was to be done with him . One of the improvised military commission , Charles Cattanco , answered : " If . you kill him , it will be mere justice '; ' if you ; spare him ; it will be virtue . " Bolza was spared- ^ he is - living now . Is there any chance of terrorism with * such a people ? And it has been so everywhere . ' Not' -a single condemnation to death Has been pronounced by the republican government in Rome ; not a 1 simrlbbnenhder ' thfeTepublican'flag bf Venice . I feel an

    immeriso-pity for ' those whb do repeat agnmfit us , from time tb time , ' the' fbul accusrition : they can never fe & l what I felt in ' witnessing the' gloribua god-like riainK of a ' pbople'fi'amiilled upon lot centuries , still generous rind clement towards itb' internal foes as brave against the foreign ihv ' aders . Lastly , we'are not commuhists , nor lovcllcrs , ' nor Hostn 6 tb property , nor socialists , in the Benso ii ^ Which tl ^ e vfotd has been used by system-makers and sectarians in a rici ^ hbburing country . There is ft grand * social thbught ! ' p 6 i / vnding Europe , influencing the thinking Winds ' of all ' countries—liangihglik ^ an unavoidable'Damocles' swbi'd , over all niohopblisinff , ' BclfiBh , priivilegcd classes or interests , driu providentially breathing tlirbugh all poiJiiTar '' mariifesttttibfis , through ftll tho frequeilt dbrifll 6 ts' arising bctwcriH usurped authority and freedom-seeing nations . Revolutions , tb bo legitirtiate , miistmark a step In the ascohding career of humanity ; fiivw nVnof nmhnitW Jntri n ^ neticnl results some new

    discovered ' wbfu of the law of Gbd , the Father and Tcriohpr of nil : they n > ust tend to the gpod of all—hot of the few . There are" nb different ; fatally distinct natures , rnccs or castes , on this world of ours—no sons of Cam and of Abbl ; mankind is one , oneis the law for all—Progrossion ; and tho mode of realizing it h more and more closo nssoiciation between ' cbUcfctivo thought and action . Association , to be progressively , step by step , eubetotuted for

    ^ olated efforts and pnrsuits , is the watchword of the epoch . Liberty , and ' equality are the first » the groundwork , the basis > for > assoeiation i the second , its' safeguard . To every step towards association' must , therefore ; correspond ainew development of liberty and of equality . 'Man is one vik cannot allow one of his' families- to be stippressecf , checked , crRmpC £ l i or deviated , without 9 II the others snffcring---soul and body ; thought and action ; theory and practice ; the heavenly arid the terrestrial elements are tb be combined' harmbnized in him > We cannot justly say to a tntiny " Starve aiiict love " we cannot reasonably fcxpeet Win to imptpve' his intellect while , from day to night ,

    he has to toil in physical machine-like exertion for scanty anVl uncertain bread : We feannpt tell him to be pure and free , whilst everything around him speaks bondage , and Jrortipts hini'to selfish'feelings bf hatred arid reactrdri . life , is sacred ¦ in both 5 ts aspects , ' moral and' material . EVery mau must be" a temple' of the living God . Whait past" revbltttibhs have dorie for the bourgeoisie ^ for . th e middle class ,, for the men of capital , the'fbrthcomihg revolution' niust do for the jproletdire , for the popular classes , fdr the mfen of labour . Work for all ; fairly apportioned reward to all ; idleness br starvation for none . This , I say , is the summed-up social creed of all those \ yho , in the pi-esent agelove and' know . To this creed ' we , belong ;

    , and no national party \ yould be worth the , name should it dare to summon up the " energies of the whole nation . to . a contest of life ' and death , forthe mere purpose of organizing tie renegade hour ' gepisie of 1830 , or the bourgeoisie Assembly of 1849 . But beyond that we cannot go , we shall never go . The wild , absurd , immoral dream of cpmjnunisiri—the abolition of prbperty , that is , of individuality asserting itself in the material universe—the , abolition pf liberty by systems of social organization suddenly , forcibly , and universally applied—the suppression of . capital , or cutting down ; the tree for-the momentary enjoyment of the fruit--the establishment of equal rewards , that is , the oblivion of the moral worth of the worker—the exclusive

    worship of material interests , the materialist notion that "life is the seeking of physical welfare , " > the problem of the kitchen of humanity substituted for the problem of humanity-rthe Fourierist theory of the legitimacy of all passions- —the crudeTroudhonian negations of all govern * ment , tradition , authority—all those reactionary , shortsighted , impotent conceptions which have cancelled ^ in France al } poni of moral unity , all power of self-sacrifice , and have , through intellectual anarchy and selfish , terror , led to the cowardly acceptance of the most degrading despotism that ever was— -are not and shall never be ours , We want not to suppress , but to improve ; not to transplant the activity or the comforts of one class to another ,

    but to open the wide roads of activity and comfort to all ; not to enthrone on ruins our own individual idea or crotchet , but to afford full scope to all ideas , and ask the nation , under the guidance of the best and pf the wisest , to think , feel , and legislate for herself ' And all this we have long ago summed up in that most concise and most comprehensive formula , " God and the people , " which from individual writings of twenty years ago has made its way by its own internal vitality , through the ranks of Italian , patriots , until it shone , from popular will , on the unsullied flag of Rome and Venice . Depend upon me it will shine there again , —shine on the Alps , shine on the sea , blessing the whole of Italy , equally unsullied , and teaching the nations a fragment of God ' sevcrlasting truth .

    II . I have told you what we are : the creed of the Italian national party . It is for the sake of promoting , of realizing as much as possible this creed of ours that we want to be a nation . We want to be . These things that I say now to you would be death in Italy . A fragment of this paper seized in the hands of one of my countrymen in Lombnnly , in Rome , in Florence , in Naples , would lead him to imprisonment for life , if not to death . Such is our liberty of expressing thought . A meeting like this would be treated as insurrection ; dissolved by musketry and bayonets ^—execution . A bit of tricoloured riband

    forgotten in the corner of a drawer—and let it be a woman ' s drawer—brings the owner to prison , often to a more degrading punishment . A rusty dagger , the lock of a musket found in a house , is death br imprisonment for life throughout nil tho Lombardo-Venetian territory . An Italian threatening , written in night darkness , by an unknown hand , on the wall of a house , is imprisonment , or heavy fine to tho inhabitants of the house . An Italian Bible rend by three persons in a private room is , in Tnsenny , in tho country of Savonarola , imprisonment arid exile . The secret denunciation pf a spy—perhaps , your personal dnomy' —is imprisonment and rigorous

    surveillance ( precello ) . Bengal tncolourcd illuminations have led to bngnio for twenty years I ) rcosti and his young companions in Rome . Some statistical notes found' on a young man , Mnzzoni , at the threshold of your consular agent , Frceborn , havo been deemed sufficient , a Tow weeks ngo , to doom him to a dungeon . Men like Nardoni and Virginio Cclpi , marked as thieves , condemned for forgery , rule , undor French protection and Popish blessing , over property , life , and liberty . Prisons arc full ; thousands , of exiles are wandering in loneliness and starvation , from Monte Video to Constantinople , from London to Now York , from Tunis or Malta to Mexico . Go wherever 1 you will , that living protest of tho Italian national party , the Italian exile , will meet your ey « . It has passed Wore

    ¦¦ ^R^Issy-..-- ¦ 'F.L^.Gi.Afeli,, ^^. ....

    ¦¦ ^ r ^ issy-..-- ¦ ' f . l ^ . gi . Afeli ,, ^^ . . ,, „ .., „ -::,.,... ..: i k ..

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 14, 1852, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_14021852/page/7/