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Leader (1850-1860), 11th February 1860, Edition 2 of 2, Page 9, *Th0r<!«r-Boo1cofjr«vt«. Hy J,F,TiM»s. L...

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      A Uepabtition Of Europe. In The Present ...

      to the second branch of that house which had , m Tact , acquired hereditary possession of the empire . The ^ eldest branch Wed under its dominions .. all the Spanish . Peninsula , _ A . mer . ca , the Poituguese Indies , theTwo Sicilies , Sardinia Milan , Franche ^ Gomte and the Catholic Low Countries . The United Provinces ^ of Holland were exhausted by a war which had lasted since 1568 ^ the Italian States were held down by the preponderance of Spam ; France was pressed upon by the Austrian possessions ^ England ^ was threatened hy Spanish intrigues in Ireland and Scotland ; the prmces of the empire were reduced to vassalage under the House of Austria , and hatred , united with fear , towards Spain was universal . According to Henry ' s plan , a league was to be formed of all the natural enemies of the Austrian power . France and England were to be at its head , and gather around them the princes and republics of Italand Germanythe Dutch provinces , the kings of Sweden

      y , and Denmark , and the protestants of the Austrian States of Germany , Hungary , and Bohemia . By this union of forces , the Emperor and Philip the Third were to be attacked , and upon the ruins of their power an . equitable order of things was to be established . Among the changes and ameliorations contemplated , the imperial dignity was to be made elective , and though it was to be confined to princes of the empire , according to ancient usage , it was not to be given twice in succession to the same house . Bohemia , with Moravia , Lusatia , and Silesia should be formed into a kingdom , its king to be elected by the allied powers . Hungary , with the archduchy of Austria , Styria , Carinthia , Carniola , and all the conquests which might be made in Transylvania , Bosnia , Selavonia and the

      Croatia , should also have a king , elected by same potentates . Poland , which then extended to the Dneiper , enlarged by conquests of territory taken from the unfaithful surrounding her dominions , should have the same government . The Tyrol , Voralberg , Franehe-Comtd , Alsatia , with the Swiss Cantons , should constitute a Helvetic republic ¦ , to be governed by a senate , of which the Emperor and princes of Germany , and the Seigniory of Venice , would be the supreme arbitrators . The other possessions of the second branch of the House of Austria were to be divided , according to the views of the great powers , among the minor states of Germany and the Venetian ' Republic , which would acquire Austrian' F-riuli and the interior of Istria . In Italy , the Dulce of Savoy Was to cede his ultra-Alpine possessions to France , but to assume the title of King to Venicewho to do

      of Lombardy . Sicily was to be given , was homage for it to the Pope . If the Pontiff refused to join the league , that kingdom was to be divided , and . apportioned according to the wishes of the Icing electors . The Italian Republic was to- be composed of the free cities Ferrara and Bologna , the . States of Genoa , ¦ Parma , Modena , Mantua , Massa , and Tuscany . To the Pope was to appertain the title of immediate head of the Italian Republic , without any other acknowledgment of his supremacy than a crucifix—rvalue ten million scudi—every twenty yesu-s . The eldest branch of the House of Austria would retain Iberia , with the . Balearic Isles , Saiv dinia , and the colonies in both the Indies , besides supremacy over the countries which might beconqueifed or discovered in other parts of the world ; these not however to beunited as colonies to the monarchy , but to be formed into separate kingdoms for the various

      princes of the House . ,. . „ TT T , r Such was the proposed territorial repai-titiori of Henry IV . Though not adapted to our times , it offered great advantages in the early part of the seventeenth century . To Italy it promised independence , and the reduction of its numerous petty states to four . The Pontiff , by the acquisition of the kingdom of Naples , would have become the enemy of Spain , and consequently the adversary of the Jesuits , the satellites of that power . But perhaps the greatest gain would have accrued to the dynasty of Savoy , which , extending without interruption to the Adda , a , nd assuming- the Jungly , title with the iron crown , would have been in a position to profit by any discontent which might arise in the "Venetian provinces , or by the disunion of the small statics forming the Italic Republic . Probably before the lapse of a century the kingdom of Lombardy would have

      touched the Adige and the Mediterranean . His plan being thus sketched out , after having consecrated the principle of religious liberty by the Edict of Nantes , Henry became desirous of conferring with Elizabeth , Queen of England . With this object , in the summer of 1001 , lie repaired to Calais , ostensibly that he might , with greater facility , watch the progress of the war in Flanders , which was then proceeding on the very borders of Franco . He wrote to the English sovereign , who replied , lamenting that etiquette and propriety forbade her from joining him . She bogged her dearest and host beloved brother to believe that she the more regretted it , because she would have liked , to communicate to him something 1 which she neither dared confide to any one , nor commit to naner . Henry speedily made arrangements for

      conferring 1 with her , and being 1 unable to go in person , despatched M , do Rosny to Elizabeth . The minister crossed the straits , professing 1 to remain incognito , in order that ho might visit London without restraint or formality . Upon arriving at Dover , where the queen was , ho was courteously arrested in liev name by a captiiin of her guards . The incident neither surprised nor displeased Do Rosny , and ho suffered himself to be conducted to Her Majesty ' s presence In the interview which followed , ho was struck with admiration at the genius of Elizabeth . , With brevity and clearness h , e describe ^ to her tho state of Europe after the Pence of Vorvihs , and showed that tho union of Franco and England was necessary to humble tho power of the House of Austria , and deprive it of a largo portion of its dominions . Tint , ho added , it was important the two great allied powers should limit their desires , and not aspiro to making acquisitions which might prove mutually displeasing ; for example ,

      England would not like that the Low Countries should become French provinces , nor would France suffer that England should possess them . He told her that he had already persuaded Henry of this as indispensable to gaining the confidence of the minor allies , and now demonstrated to her , as he had doneiio him , that France and England would gain sufficiently by acquiring preponderance in Europe . "It was / ' he sdys ; " matter of surprise to me , to see how Elizabeth and Henry , who had never conferred together tipon their political projects , precisely agreed in all their ideas , even to the minutest particulars . " " For . the rest , " he writes elsewhere , ¦¦ ' ¦ ' I found her greatly concerned about the means of carrying out this grand project successfully ; notwithstanding the difficulties which she foresaw would arise on the two capital points , the reconciliation of religious differencesand the equalization of power , there seems

      , to me no reason to doubt of success . " The conditions , andvarious arrangements due to the Queen of England , showed that m penetration , wisdom , and mental qualities in general , she was not inferior toany of the kings most worthy of the name . ' . ¦ ,. « . ,. ¦ , When the bases of the league were laid it was not difficult to extend it . The minor princes were urged by their passions and interests to join it . By entering it they might safely hope to gratify their feelings of hatred and revenge towards Austria , indemnify themselves for the long-continued terror she had caused them by aggrandizing- themselves at her expense , and enjoy a long and secure season of peace ; which would enable them to disarm and develope their resources of commerce and industry . Finally , they thus saw France deprived in future of the means of undue extension , and considered it as the establishment of an order of things which , trora

      its equity , bore the appearance of stability . „«„ ¦ . ' ,.. " , Unfortunately , the death of Elizabeth occurred in 1003 to disturb the happy combination . " I have lost , " writes De Rosny upon this occasion , " the irreconcileable enemy of my enemies , and my second self" Despatched without delay to the Queen ' s successor , James I ., he found the Court of England divided into several different factions . It was only at the fourth audience that he could obtain a private interview with the king . When , after much precaution , he explained as much of the project as he thought necessary , James listened to him attentively ; agreed with all the ideas submitted to him , and signed a treaty for the defence of the .. United Pr ? y inces ,. 1 his the and obtained its ratification

      Marquis carried back to France , , having by Henry , returned to James for his signature . ButJthe weak and vacillatin g English monarch had no sooner put his brand to it than he violated it , and , at the instigation of the Spanish party , stipulated for a -treaty of neutrality relative to the Wai- of Flanders , bnortly after , he wished to renew the treaty as at first drawn up , and after some months and even years of hesitation , determinations and counter determinations on his part , Henry arid De Rosny found that no dependance could be placed upon him . In spite , however , ol all difficulties they persevered , and all seemed prepared for the realization of the grand plan , when the secret transpired , owing to the imprudence of Henry himself . It seems to have been due to that circumstance that his life was cut short by the dagger of Ravaillac ,

      May 14 th , 1610 . . , ' , ,. , The news of Henry ' s death caused the most contradictory manifestations of feeling . The regret of his own , subjects was indescribable , the rejoicing of Spain and those connected with that countrv intense . lie was wept as a father by the inhabitants of the X * ow Countries . The people of Venice exclaimed with tears in their eyes , Our icing is dead , Holland saw itself abandoned to its own exhausted resources . The princes of Germany were condemned to continual suffering under the House of Austria . Venice was obliged to give up the coveted possession of Sicily j the Pope to abandon all hope of the kingdom he had been on the point of possessing / and tbe House of Savoy lost its hold of tho royal crown of Lombardy , which it had all but secured , and for winch it was obliged to wait and labour for many long , years .

      Feb. 11, 1860.J The Leader And Saturday ...

      Feb . , 1860 . J The Leader and Saturday Analyst . 1 $ 3 ¦ , . — — .... ¦ - . . 1 ; ¦ ¦ : : ' ¦ ' ¦ ' _ . . . ¦ ' ¦ f . . . ¦

      Progress Of Science, The Appearance Of M...

      PROGRESS OF SCIENCE , THE appearance of Mr . TiMn &' s " YeaivBpok of Facts " * both , suggests and facilitates a review of the gains of civilization during the last year , through the progress of science and the employment ot additional aids to human work . It is now generally admitted by great thinkers that there is a'definitp relation between speculative opinions and social arrangements ; so that forms of government , flie nature and direction of the action of the State , and the character of which

      domestic and individual life , arc all affected by the changes take place in the current philosophy of tho age . A . science full oi violent convulsions , intermittent energies , and marvellous interruptions of established order , could not fail to manifest aihmtiod with rude despotic arrangements and tho constant employment of brute force ; whilo , on the other hand , the recognition of i \ n unchangeable , orderly , and on the whole equable evolution of natural , events , plainly tends towards the introduction of milder and more bonolicent conditions of society . Rude and imperfect . science w prodigal of ,, ;« 1 a « ,, « nnrl nonunions of time : it cannot wait I Or the accumulated

      aotion of prolonged but quiet forces j and instead of patiently watching the operations of nature , imagines tho occasional appearance ot epochs of abnormal strength or violence , through whoso sudden operation ifc conceives all great changes to bo produced . , Rudo ^ uul imperfect governments arc precisely analogous in their operation , and manifest the same love for violondo aiid tho sumo distrust of ^ ifisKiuch considerations that wo feol most strongly the connoxion between philosophy and morals , and rooo ( r « iso _ ^ P <^ ° JL

      *Th0r<!«R-Boo1cofjr«Vt«. Hy J,F,Tim»S. L...

      * Th 0 r

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), Feb. 11, 1860, page 9, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_11021860/page/9/