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    January 10 31857.] THE LEADER. . 29

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    THE BANK FORGERIES. A FUimiKK examinatio...

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    Continental Notes. France, The Conferenc...

    The Conference has recognized that it was the intention of the Congress to re-establish by Art . 21 of the Treaty of Peace , in their former condition , the -ter-, ritoriea situated -west of the new boundary , and to conform itself to the provisions of the negotiators of the peace , it has decided that those territories shall be annexed to Moldavia , with the exception of the Delta of the Danube , which returns directly to Turkey . It has been decided , moreover , that , on the 30 th of next March at latest , the fixing of the boundary shall be effected , and tliat at that same date 4 he Austrian troops

    and the British squadron shall have evacuated the Danubian Principalities and the internal waters of Turkey . The Commission of the Principalities , the members of which are already at Constantinople , may therefore at that period proceed to the provinces , and fulfil the mission entrusted to it . As soon as that Commission shall have terminated its labours , it will render an account thereof to the Conference , which will meet at Paris , according to the terms of the 25 th Article of the Treaty , to sanction , by a convention , the final agreement come to between the contracting parties relative to the organization of the Principalities . "

    The reception at the Tuileries on the evening of Friday week is reported as unusually splendid . The Emp « ror conversed a good deal with the Prussian Ambassador on the subject of Switzerland ; and a pacific settlement of the dispute is now considered probable . " It is said , " writes the Paris correspondent of- the Times , "that the French Government has determined to abandon Tahiti , finding that it costs much and produces nothing ; but , on the other hand , it is seriously occupied

    witn the creation of the newly-founded colony , New Caledonia . This island is rich and the climate healthy , and it is appropriated to receive a portion of the French colony of Guiana . A permanent garrison of seven hundred or eight hundred men is to be established there . The French Government is likewise much occupied -with tie development of the colony of Senegal . An expedition has been sent from Algeria to ascertain the practicability of establishing a communication between those two colonies by land . "

    The Bulletin des Lois announces that a fresh credit of l , 800 , 000 f . has been opened for uniting- the Louvre -with the Tuileries . A clockmaker of Chauny ( Aisne ) has been sentenced to three years' imprisonment for using insulting expressions towards the Emperor and Empress , and also for having said that the man who in 1848 shot the then Archbishop of Paris deserved the cross of the Legion of Honour . AUSTRIA . The Cardinal Archbishopof Vienna has established an ecclesiastical censorship . An index expurgatorins is to be published . The Empress is confined to her apartments at Venice , owing to a severe cold , caught in returning from I ? ola . Her Lord Steward , Prince Thurn and Taxis , is also very ill from the same cause , proceeding , in his case , from getting chilled while looking at pictures in the churches of Venice . . It is stated that Count Buol and Barons Bach and Brack hvae b «« n summoned by the Emperor to Italy . PRUSSIA . The Prussian Government has issued a circular addressed to its agents at London , Paris , Vienna , and St . Petersburg , stating , with reference to the Neufcliatel quarrel , that the order for the mobilization of its troops fixes January 15 th as the date for that military movement . After this , it is stated , the King will consider himself obliged to follow up the step alluded to by " rapid action , " and that he cannot thenceforward stop midway . " " The aims that the Prussian arms will then have to strive after will affect the situation of Neufchatel itself . " The King , however , " will retain as his constant guide the intention , at the close of this conflict , of seeing Switzerland secured in a situation among the States of Europe the more honourable and independent as it will then offer her the guarantees of order and tranquillity . " This circular is dated December 28 th

    , 1856 . The Mercure de Soua & e states that the permanent Committee of the Chamber , in reference to the demand made by certain Deputies , unanimously declared itself in favour of a protest against the passage of Prussian troops . The Committee , moreover , required a communication of the present state of the negotiations on the subject . The Assembly of the Bourgeois have just presented a petition to the King , praying him to avoid the dangers that threaten the material interests of the country .

    SPAIN . By a royal decree , dated the 31 st ult ., an extraordinary credit is granted to the Minister of Finance , in order to cover the general expenses attendant on the sale of tho national domains . The Gazetta publishes a decrco entirely suspending the law of the 23 rd of May , 1856 , relative to tho redemption of spiritual and temporal appointments . The Government sanctions tho cession by M . Salamanca to the Grand Contra ! Company of Franco of tho line of railroad from Almanea to Alicante .

    RUSSIA . Some ships of the English squadron are on the point of sailing for the Circassian coast , in order to demand of the Russian authorities the restitution of the cargoes of those boats which were lately captured by the Russian General -who took possession of the fort of Soujouk Kaleh . Marshal Radetsky is stated to have died suddenly at Vienna , of apoplexy . The news , however , is doubtful .

    SWITZERIiAND . Colonel Barraann , Minister of the Swiss Confederation in Paris , returned on Friday week from his visit to Berne . He brought with him a communication from his Government . The trial of the Neufchatel prisoners is fixed for the 19 th inst . A deputation from the Royalists at STeufchatel has proceeded to Berlin to pray that there shall be no war . A summary of some half-dozen letters which have been received by the Bavarian and Frankfort papers from Switzerland , is -thus given by the Times Vienna correspondent : —On the 24 th ult ., 40 , 000 men were already posted on the frontiers of Basle and Sch-affhausen , and on the following Tuesday 14 = 0 , 000 men liad

    announced to the cantonal authorities that they were . on their way to the posts which had been assigned to them . The frontiers towards all the conterminous states are strictly guarded , excepting those towards Austria . The inhabitants of Tessin know that during this season of the year they have little or nothing to fear from tlieir formidable neighbours , and the Austrians themselves confess that during the winter months it would be sheer madness to attempt to enter the mountainous parts of Switzerland . On the 24 th , all the higher public schools in Switzerland were closed , and it was settled that they should not be reopened until the storm had blown over . In the evening of the same day the students of Zurich had formed a free corps , and the young people in the other cantons have since followed their example . " Switzerland is in no want of men of whom to form a

    powerful army , but there is a great dearth of officers , as the authorities will not accept the proffered services of the so-called 'Emigration . '" The horses which are to be used for the artillery in Zurich , Thurgau , Basle , Aargau , and Schaffhausen are to be kept in constant readiness for service . " Although the wealthy manufacturers and merchants declare that peace is the greatest of blessings , their patriotism is such that almost all of them have offered , to do military service . " On the 27 th , several complete battalions and corps of riflemen , which

    were on their way from Appenzell and St . Gall to Schaffhausen and Stein , arrived by railroad at Winterthiir ; but they only remained there a couple of hours so impatient were they to reach their destination . The Swiss are buying up very large quantities of corn and other necessaries of life , as they foresee that their neighbours will indirectly assist Prussia by blockading their frontiers and cutting them off from all communication with the other world . Great activity prevails in the arsenals .

    It has been stated , in answer to the complaints made by European Liberals of the support given by hired Swiss soldiers to Continental despotisms , that the Swiss Government has no power to control the acts of its citizens , and cannot be held accountable for the bad taste of individuals . Naples , it appears , no longer deals with the Federal or cantonal Governments , but only with crimps . " Austria , " says a Berlin correspondent of tho No ?* d

    " has endeavoured to render the movements of the Prussian army impossible , by sustaining , in a circular despatch addressed to the German Governments , under date of the 24 th of December , that the Diet is alone competent to authorize the passage of Prussian troops through the territory of the Confederation . That pretension has , however , been disavowed by the Governments of Bavaria , Wurtemburg , and Baden , which have definitively authorized tho passage of these troops through their States . "

    " Some now and interesting details , " says ths Jndependance Beige , " have reached us respecting the mission of Dr . Furrer . It has been stated that its sole object was to negotiate a loan . We now learn from Berne that Dr . Furrer was sent to Germany on the receipt of a despatch from the Swiss Consul-General to tho effect that the Duke of Saxe Coburg Goth a had expressed a wish to act aa mediator between Switzerland and tho Court of Berlin . Hitherto , however , it appears that tho steps lie has taken have not succeeded . " The mission to Berlin of Mr . Fay , tho American Minister at Berno , is supposed to be equally unsuccessful .

    TURKEY . The Sultan has assured t he I ' ersian Ambassador of Iris pacific intentions . It is said that tho Shah is forced to carry on tho w « r by tho fanaticism of the population . Tho tribes of Astrabnd have offered cavalry to the Persian monarch . The Turkish Government has contracted a loan of 80 , 000 / . with tho Ottoman Bank . " Mr . Falconet , tho chief manager of tho Ottoman Bank , " says tho Times Constantinople correspondent , " was called on , and asked for the loan . Aa usual , secrecy was promised , but in this instance not kept , and two other native houses wore not enly informed of tho loan itself but even of the

    general conditions . But , O 3 these were drawn np according to European ( not Galata ) calculations , both the other houses declared the terms impossible . Thus the Ottoman Bank remained alone in the field . If this was in itself calculated to show the difference between the European and native way of doing business , the difference became even more striking in the regulation of the details . The loan was at first to be paid in monthly instalments , extending over three months , but when it came to a discussion of details , Ali Ghalib Pasha , who was charged with the transaction , extended the period for the payment to seven instead of three months . At this concession , of the importance of which the Turkish Minister seemed scarcely aware , Mr . Falconet immediately lowered his terms without being asked , causing naturally no small astonishment to the functionary , who

    most probably never had a transaction in which he was honestly treated . When the two native houses saw that the business was concluded , against their prediction , they went to complain to the Grand Vizier against the transaction as a most pernicious one ; fortunately , the . Grand Vizier , after inquiring into the matter , was easily convinced of the contrary , and the loan was concluded . Thwarted thus in their schemes , the native bankers hoped to make the Ottoman Bank pay on the Exchange for the advantage it had gained with the Government , and up went the exchange several piastres . But they soon found out that even on 'Change Europeans are sometimes a match for Galata ; for what was their astonishment to find that , instead of selling , the Ottoman Bank , bought ; measures had been already taken to make the bank entirely independent of the whims of the Galata Exchange . "

    ITALT . The Pope is very disconsolate -with respect to the state of the Catholic Church in Mexico and Switzerland ; and he has therefore issued an allocution , in which he bitterly complains of the sequestration of Church property by the Government of the former country . The permission accorded to all sects to practise publicly their religious rites is denounced as " an abominable measure , calculated to undermine the most holy Roman Catholic religion . " His Holiness likewise declares all the measures which it has taken against the authority of the Apostolic Chair to be null and void . The Mexican statesmen are then reminded that the Church has the power to punish severely those persons who disobey her behests . With respect to Switzerland ,

    the Pope has to bewail the numerous encroachments of the civil authorities on the rights of the Church . He concludes by denouncing those priests who do not obey the injunctions of their supreme ecclesiastical ruler . The session of the Piedmontese Chambers has been opened by King Victor Emmanuel in person . His Majesty ' s speech was greeted enthusiastically , especially the allusions which it contained to the great national cause of the independence of Italy . With reference to the Budget , which is to be presented by Count Cavour , for the year 1857 , it has been announced that the income of the past year was sufficient to cover the expenses . The Minister of the Interior proposes certain important reforms in the administration ; but it is foreseen that great difficulties have to be encountered in carrying them into effect .

    The Neapolitan war steamer Charles III . has blown up or been blown up . Forty men were killed .

    ORBBC & A letter from Athens , dated the 20 th ult ., speaks of a communication from Mr . Wyse , the English Minister , to the Greek Minister for Foreign Affairs . Mr . Wyse , like the other foreign ministers , had received an official invitation to attend at tho opening of the Greek Parliament by the King in person . According to the letter alluded to , Mr . Wyse declared that , as the representative of tho oldest and greatest constitutional power in Europe , ho could not attend the inauguration of a parliament formed under the most flagrant violation of tho institutions of tho country ; that for several years consecutively he had had occasion to protest against the violation by the

    Government of his Hellenic Majesty of the constitution which the Greek nation had unanimously given itself ; that at tho present moment he eagerly embraced the opportunity offered him of once more protesting , and of recapitulating all . that he had previously said on tho malversations and immorality of the functionaries whom tho Greek Government seemed to consider it an obligation to select , as also against tho system , so long practised , of governing a nation despotically with the forma of a constitution . For those anl other reasons Mr . Wyso thought it becoming to his dignity , as tho representative of Great Britain , to abstain from witnessing tho opening of such a Parliament as the present .

    January 10 31857.] The Leader. . 29

    January 10 31857 . ] THE LEADER . . 29

    The Bank Forgeries. A Fuimikk Examinatio...

    THE BANK FORGERIES . A FUimiKK examination of James Anderson and Jamca Townscnd Saward , the men charged with several forgeries upon City and other banks , took place at tho Mansion House last Saturday . The chief witness in this case , aa in that of tho groat bullion rolibery , was nn accomplice of tho accused , who is now in prison for another offence ; and his evidence- bora a singular re-

• Citation
  • Leader (1850-1860), Jan. 10, 1857, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_10011857/page/5/