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Leader (1850-1860), 8th May 1858, Edition 2 of 2, Page 13, AN IRISH UNIVERSITY. Tjunity College, " ...

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      New State Of Our, Relations With America...

      squadron has not been suck as to conciliate agreement in the matter of our late demands . It would need a volume to detail all the ins and outs of our present crooked system of forcible prevention . Exeter Hall , and Exeter Hall statesmen , think oiily of the Negro , and of the circumstances which immediately affect him , andwhile this is the case there is only the old , short-sighted philanthropy to be looked for in those directions . This philanthropy is weak to contend against the active influence of the corrupt vested interests which , have grown tip

      under anti-slavery . The commander of every preventive ship naturally hopes that every vessel he sights upon the coast of Africa may turn out to be a " prize ; " the agent , consular or otherwise , desires to perpetuate the present system , which makes Ms place what it is ; and the British merchant would rather wink at slaving than have America compete in the " legitimate" palm - trade . _ It would not be difficult to prove from facts how little able this philanthropy is to control the warlike and diplomatic machinery which acts in the name of Exeter Hall on the west coast of Africa , but so acts

      as to hinder the genuine trade , and absolutely to foster the slave-trade . Two facts bearing -upon tliese points are patent : first , the excessive persecution of ship-masters engaged in legitimate traffic , whose vessels are detained under false charges of slave-dealing , or carried far out of their course for tlie purpose of submitting them to inquiry ; secondly , tlie practice of our officers to wink at the early stages of the traffic , in order that the trading-ships may start" with slaves on board , such prizes being enhanced by the head-money given for every slave rescued .

      But , remove all the British preventive ships , and tfhat really would be the consequence ? _ As we have urged before in discussing this question , the throwing open of all trade might enable America to supply all her wants of Negro labourers ; and it would be the same with France and with Spain ; the demand once fairly supplied , it wiould ceaseand with it the slave-trade , if indeed the import of " free" Africans do not supersede the old trade . At present the demand— -the absolute need—of Negroes in tropical America and elsewhere , keeps

      alive the brutal greediness of the African chiefs to supply men for money , or for money ' s worth . To supply M . Regis with his twelve hundred " free emigrants , " we hear , the Christian influences of the last quarter of a century have all been cast to the winds by the avaricious men-hunters , who have flown back to their old savagery without- a moment's hesitation . Here is -something ; like a proof , then , that the unsatisfied demand for Black labourers , in which they can trade , is the great preventive of civilization in Africa . Remove all artificial

      restraints upon trade , place no -war-ships to exclude Yankee merchants , and the African chiefs will not be long in discovering the profitableness of growing palm-oil ; they will then ( ind it more profitable to employ Negroes than to sell tlicm , and wages will supersede slavery , as they , have already in ' Europe . Our behaviour to America , however , on other occasions has not been such as to give hope that an easy adjustment of the present difficulty will be attained . America will not consent to perpetuate , or rather to renovate , the present unavailing system of slave-trade repression , and we have done nothing to entitle vis to ask such a sacrifice at her hands .

      After nil the heart-burnings which have grown out of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty , the precious arrangement is to be entirely abrogated , the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the American Senate buying directed the President to carry their resolution into immediate effect . And , in dealing with this difficult subject , the Government of Lord Derby will bo found less hostile and impracticable ; but here the improved policy will consist in y ^/ doing the past . It is now certain that . the forcible prevention ot slave-trading is no longer practicable ; the system lias completely broken down . The vast sums spent in ita maintenance have been thrown away ; and it hbeen

      as proved to be a serious hindrance to commerce . At the present moment we find it giving rise to complications detrimental to the honour and dignity of this country , and involving the hazard of a war which would be as mischievous to Lancashire as to the Southern States of America . And for what ?—for the maintenance ) of short-sighted and impracticable philanthropy ? A larger view of the slave cjuestion would spare us the danger of such complications , nn < l would aid the slave to the comparatively speedy redumption of his liberty . Of this too , we have no doubt : that a Government which would reverse the whole stale of our relations witli America anil Africa would at on . ee win thn

      support of the business men in this country , and would strengthen itself by a very easily won success .

      No. 424, Mat 8, 1858.] \ __ _ T H E _ ! ...

      No . 424 , Mat 8 , 1858 . ] \ __ _ T H E _ ! , EADEIi . 445

      The Operations In India. The Operations ...

      THE OPERATIONS IN INDIA . The operations of the Commander-in-Chief and his generals have left the Indian insurgents in possession of only two fortified positions , Calpee and Bareilly . The former , situated on the right bank-of the Jumna , is a fort planted upon an eminence , with precipitous ravines on all sides . The site is naturally strong , but so ill-contrived and dilapidated are the works , that the place , in all probability , would not Diold out against a serious demonstration . Thirty years ago a rebellious zemindar , tempted by its feeble defences , attempted to storm it with-five hundred men , and its fortifications are even less considerable now than

      formerly . In 1803 , when the British laid siege to it , the resistance of Calpee lasted only a few hours . Notwithstanding , therefore , that the rebels are congregated ' at this point in vast numbers , it is not to be expected that any serious opposition will be made to the Cawnpore column . At the ruinous town of Bareilly , the enemy , ve infer , have thrown up entrenchments , there toeing no standing fortifications of . any importance . "Upon this point Sir Hugh Rose would probably advance with the troops victorious at Jhansi . The operations of this officer entitle him to conspicuous praise . At first with one brigade , but subsequently with two , he has subdued the rebels everywhere

      along a line sweeping up beyond the Bombay frontier to the limits of . Bundelcund ,. and accomplishing , besides the relief of Saiigor ; the reduction of Chandliairee and Jhansi . In the passes and . along the hundred and thirty miles of broken road from Saugor to Jhansi , he had a good deal of difficult marching , interrupted by desultory engagements , as well by the knowledge that a powerful army was in his front , manoeuvring to cut him off from the objects of his expedition . His nine days' siege of Jhansi with a small force , and bis defeat of twenty-five thousand of the enemy , without relaxing his investment of the town and citadel , must lie regarded as military masterstrokes .

      In another direction , trending to the North , General Roberts moved , simultaneously with the Jhansi march of Sir Hugh Rose , upon Kotah , where the enemy , : though not in possession of the fortified palace , held a strong ' -position-in the town . The victory of the British column was complete , and thus an important statiou on the Rajpoot borders was relieved from the organized presence of the rebellion . lathis province and in Bundelcund the mutineers suffered

      severely , it being calculated that their opposition to Sir Hugh Rose and General Roberts cost them at least five thousand men . At Jhansi , it was not surprising that the troops shared the spirit of their commander , who ordered every herald from the Ranee to be hanged , since their minds had been worked upon by reports of the most revolting brutalities perpetrated by the besieged Princess , the mother of the late Pretender , who escaped with her retinue to Jaloun . Thither a detachment had been marched , and there is not much at . the place to arrest its progress .

      In spite of these successes , brilliant and fortunate as they arc , Sir Colin Campbell has serious work before him . His relief and capture of Lucknowfor which and other splendid services , iucluding the defeat of the Gwnlior army at Cawiiporc , he has been most properly rewarded with a peerage—were operations notso complete in their results as the public in England had been led to anticipate . Though the army invading Oude had been admirably distributed ,

      penetrating the country from the most commanding point in those territories , at ITuttyghur , it was impossible to close up all the outlets so as to reduce the enormous multitudes of the enemy to imcoudi * tional surrender , or drive them into the . Scwalik solitudes across the Tcrrai , if , indeed , they could ever traverse that region of eternal pestilence , fatal to native and to European life . As it was , the guard left on the Axiuighui" boundary proved insufficient , and Colonel Milnuui was driven into the fortress . The roads diverging from Lucknow , with tlie exception of that to Cawnpore , are execrable , and the whole nature of the country favoured the ( light of the light rebel divisions even in comparison with the march of British cavalry . In addition to this , Sir Hugh Rose , who might have guarded the Jumna valley , across which the enemy drifted , was held back by the army in his front , and his brigades were detained at Chandbniree and Jhansi instead of intercepting tho fugitives from Lucknow . However , one great work has been accomplished .

      Regular government has been restored at least in the capital of Ou . dc . There is no Royal City in the power of the rebels . They have been isolated in district towns , as at Bareilly ; or in feudatory fortresses , as at Calpee , and the last remaining

      circumstance in their favour is the setting in of the hot season . This may protract the campaign through the year ; or , at all events , leave wandering remnants of tlie insurrection to be dealt wi'Ji in detail . It is even probable that further reinforcements may be required by the Commander-iu-Chief , whose losses in killed , wounded , and invalided have been severe .

      An Irish University. Tjunity College, " ...

      AN IRISH UNIVERSITY . Tjunity College , " near Dublin , " as the old charters run , ; is a curious instance of the ease with which old abuses can he maintained if dressc-1 up with care and concealed with decency . The local situation of the College is a kind of parallel to its moral position . The city has crept around its environs , once suburban—the hum of the heart of the metropolis is around it , but you step from the rushing traffic and busy street into a secure square and pleasant park . As secure and as pleasant aro-thc accounts and aggrandizement of the senior fellows , while in minor affairs there is a prodigious " bustle , as if reform were the order of the day . The senior fellows are seven—wise men who

      audit their own accounts and know their own salaries . The poor public , including the junior fell-nvs . can only guess at the salaries by remarking 1 he amount of the benefices or professorships for which the fellows occasionally resign . In 1790 , a senior fellow resigned for a professorship of 700 /^ . a year : In 1814 , a professorship of 1200 / . a year was offered io , and refused by all the senior fellows in succession . In 1850 , one of , the senior fellows , in taking a professorship worth . 1200 ^ . a year ani a living w : > rth 500 / ., was considered to have " made a sacrifice . " It will be said , perhaps , that this increase of emolument to eminent men . of learning is not object

      -finable , and it would not be in itself . But this incirase of the incomes of the seven lucky senior fellows has been managed by themselves in their snug and secret meetings over their self-audited accounts at the expense of the working men of the college , at the sacrifice of the best means of making the coiiege useful , and in violation of the old laws and statutes of the college . We can and must quote many facts in support of this indictment : 1 st . While the senior fellows have been steadily adding to their inco :. i . 'S , the salary of the scholars remains at 20 < T . ( Irish ) , the amount fixed in 17 58 , when 20 / . was a fair yearl y income for a young student . 2 ndly . ' The salaries of the professors have beeu . lowered . ' Of ih ' c three latest professors of botany , the two first ,

      received respectivel y 900 / . and 000 / . a year ; the third , " a most eminent man in his science , received but 200 / . a year , and a Scotch university now enjoys the benefit of his high talents and reputation . " Srdly . The six . non-tutor fellows received this year 705 / . between them , being an average of 127 / . cacli . Mhly . Six new non-tutor fellows appointed iu 1 S-10 were allotted merely " the old statutablc salary of -10 / . Irish , commons , chambers , some odd guineas for examinations , and pcrhap . ; a 20 / . lectureship . " The whole case of huge appropriation by the senior fellows , and miserable starvation of the juniors , is put in the following passage from the Dublin University Magazine of this month : —

      " The collective sum paid to the fellows , senior and junior , in the years 1850-51 , amounted io 30 , 100 / . This noble endowment would give to each of the twenty-eight fellows an average income of 808 / . Yet in or about that very year a junior fellow was ejected from his chambers for non-p . rynicnt of the deposit money required by the authorities . Moderate as the sum was—it was only 12 / . — his non-tutor ' s income did not enable him to | , ny it ; and the Maecenases who foster science , and throw the aigis of their protection over learning in the University of Dublin , turned him out of ' hi .-s

      pair of rooms wiih about as uuich compunction ; is that with which a college porter might chase aw . iy a strange dog IVoin the gate . " No wonder Dublin University should get I lie title of the " Silent Sister "—no wonder then ; should be an apoplexy of functions when wo thus liiul I he head sflined and the extremities sUvved . Tiio senior fellows arc rich and lazy ; the junior follows pool * iu purse , and eke out a livelihood by keo | K n- schools and writing for newspapers . It must In ; borne , in mind that ; the junior fellowships <>!' Dublin University are very dinbreul from ilio same offices in our Jinirlish institutions . In JOnsr-

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), May 8, 1858, page 13, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_08051858/page/13/