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Leader (1850-1860), 6th March 1852, Edition Country of 2, Page 16

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      Hint To Louis Naroiieotf. We Regret To B...

      business in trade , for going out to take a walk . He has advertised rewards for galvanic inventions : la it not that the telegraph may be rendered audible , and that he may Bit in Paris , with wires from every part of Franco to his pars—ho sitting , cruel , and silent , and listening to the sighs of stifled fears and hopes , a Great Spider Dionysius ?

      99 O The Le A Per. P^ Xjwday , Mmt ^ _ '...

      99 THE LE A PER . P ^ xjwday , MMt ^ _ ' -. ' ¦ : . - ' . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ... . ' ¦ ^^^^^^^^^^ mt ^ l ^ l ^ i ^ mmmi ^ a ^^ m ^ mmmmm ^ mmummmmmmim ^ u lm * Iim ^ m ^ ' ' ¦;

      Fas Hionable Pulpit Teeeokism. How Is It...

      FAS HIONABLE PULPIT TEEEOKISM . How is it , we have often asked , that at all fashionable watering places Low Church Despotism prevails ? We mean that form of religion and that species of despotism which make pure godliness consist in rendering this life more gloomy than the terrors of the next ; in rendering human existence nothing better or brig hter than a short and narrow path towards the grave . The key to the enigma is simple . It is , that at these fashionable watering places the population are for the most part unsound in body , and proportionately in mind also . To invalids there is no stimulant like the cayenne of the Pulpit ; and the " betterhalf" of the congregation will always prefer the Preacher to the Prayers .

      The Fbiends Of Italy. The First Conversa...

      THE FBIENDS OF ITALY . The first Conversazione of this Society was , in Mazzini ' s words , " a commentary , and an improved commentary , " on the reply of Lord Gramille to Schwarzenberg . The second will be a " bit of our mind" to Lords Derby and Malmesbury . Our readers will perceive in outadvertising columns an announcement of the next Conversazione , which will be held at Freemasons' Tavern , on the evening of Wednesday the 24 th inst . We shall have a

      spirit-/ stirring lecture from George Dawson , followed by a strictly conversational discussion , opened by Mazzini , who ( we quote the Society ' s Eecord for this month ) " will take occasion to address the meeting on such points , connected with , the Italian question , as maybe better developed by en . impromptu reciprocation of sentiments between himself and the audience , than by another written lecture . " - We cordially welcome this conversational mode of eliciting the feelings and the opinions of what is sure to be a sympathetic audience on the absorbing topic of the evening .

      Social Reform. "Notes Op A Social Cecono...

      SOCIAL REFORM . " NOTES OP A SOCIAL CECONOMIST . " THE COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS OF ENGLAND . XV ? and Last . " Le credit est la metamorphose des capitaux stables et engage ' s en capitaux cireulants ou degagcSs , c ' esfc-a-cliye , lo moyen qui rend disponibles et eirculables des capitaus qui no l' ^ taient point ,, et leur permet par consequent de so porter partout ou leur besoin se fait sentir . "—J > n Credit et de la Circulation , par CiESZKOWSXr . Among the remarkable features of the present age , says Mr . Arthur Scratchlcy , * Benefit Building Societies occupy a very leading position . Large sums of jnoney are already subscribed to these associations , and they seem likely , in a few years , to engage in their operations a considerable portion of the investing capital of this country , A Benefit Building Society , when properl y constituted , is a species of joint-stock association , the members of which subscribe periodically , and in proportion to the number of shares they hold , different sums into one common fund , which thus becomes largo enough to bo

      advautajeously employed , by being lent out at interest ; to suck bt the members as desire advances ; and the interest , as soon as it is received , making fresh capital , is lent out again and again , so as to be continually reproductive . Largo sums may bo raised in this manner ; for , to take an example , —if one thousand shares were subscribed for , at ten shillings per month per share , the amount in one year would bo 6000 / ., which might bo advanced to any members who should wish to

      bocomo borrowers . The payments of borrowers aro so calculated as to enable them to repay , by equal instalments , within a specified period , the principal of the- sum borrowed , and whatever intorest may bo duo upon it throughout the duration of the loan . The other members , who havo not borrowed , and who are called investors , recoivo , at the ond of a given , number of years , a largo , sum , which is equivalent to tho amount of their subscriptions , wilh compound interest

      accumulated upon them . - , Tho idea of a society upon this principle , correctly formed , and " afterwards proncrly managod , is of tho most admirable kind , ' . l ' or , on tho one * hand , it holds out inducements to industrious individuals to put by , periodically ,, from their ini ^ pmes , 8 inn . ll or large Hums , which aro invested ' fjyf TrealUi on Benefit Building Societies , By Arthur Mgiratclilfly .

      for long hiring is at least equal to the original price of the article hired ; and yet , how many persons there are who deem it an unwise extravagance not to purchase their household furniture , and yet are content to hire their homes . It is only by means of these societies _ that persons not possessed of capital , and receiving their incomes periodically , can ever become possessors of a house ; and this they are enabled to do from the fact that the annual repayments required by a society upon a loan , do not much exceed the rent of a house , which could be purchased with ,

      for them by the society ; and , at the end of a certain time , are repaid to them in the shape of a large accumulation , without their having the trouble of seeking for suitable investments ; while , on the other hand , the money subscribed being advanced to some of the members , enables them to purchase houses , or similar property , an , d to repay the loan by-small periodical instalments , extended over a number of years . " As regards the purchasing of house property , Benefit Building Societies must be deemed peculiarly advantageousEvery one knows that the price p _ aid

      the sum borrowed . Benefit Building Societies are divided into two distinct classes ; the one Terminating , the other Permanent . A terminating society is one which is intended to close at the end of a certain period , when all the shares of the members have realized their full amount . In a permanent society it is merely the membership of a shareholder that terminates at the end of a fixed number of years , when he has received the full value of his snares ; the society continues for ever . Mr . Scratchley is of opinion that t he Permanent plan is entirely free from most of the objections peculiar to Terminating societies .

      The first Benefit Building Society ( a village club ) was founded , in 1815 , by the Earl of Selkirk , at Kircudbright , in Scotland . Institutions of a similar kind were afterwards established in Scotland under the title of " Menages , " and the system was soon adopted in England by societies formed in Manchester and Liverpool at the public-houses ; and many of the early societies were named after the signs of the houses in which they were originally formed . After the year 1830 , these societies increased rapidly in numbers , and on the 14 th of July , 1836 , a special Act ( 6 & 7 William IV . cap . 32 , ) was passed for their encouragement and protection .

      Up to the 30 th of September , 1850 , there had been registered , in the United Kingdom , considerably more than 2000 societies , of which , in England , alone , 169 were added in the first nine months of that year ; a proportionate increase having taken place in Scotland and Ireland . About 1200 of these societies are still in existence , of which the total income has been estimated at not less than 2 , 400 , 000 / . a year . The annual income of two or three of these societies amounts to 40 , 000 £ . or 50 . 000 J . each .

      By means of these societies , a great number of persons have become possessors of houses and land ; yet it is remarkable that they have been overlooked by a class of people in more easy circumstances . There are a vast number of professional men , and others engaged in commercial pursuits , with ample means , who continue for

      years to pay away largo sums in rent , without reflecting , that , by uniting together in tho formation of a Benofit Building Society , they would bo able to realize additional property ibr their families , with but little extra outlay . The followingis a brief statement of tho various uses to which Benefit Building Societies aro at present applicable : —

      1 st , —Provisions for old ago may he secured . 2 nd , ' — Houses can bo purchased , instead of being hired , by a small annual expenditure . 3 rd , —Influential persons , by promoting the formation of such societies , may secure gieater benefits for their dependents than can bo obtained by any effort , however extonsivo , of private charity . 4 th , —Leaseholders , farmors , oi otliors , desirous of providing for iho , / ino , or renewal of their leases , can do so by joining a society as investors . 5 th , —Tho premiums or foes for placing boys as apprentices or articled clerks to solicitors , engineers , & c , can be obtained in a similar way .

      ( M ]\ , ~^ -Marriagc and family endowments of all kinds can bo scoured . 7 th , —Benevolent institutions can borrow funds for the erection of alms-houses , schools , & o . The flame principle of cooperation and mutual

      assistance upon which Benefit Building Societie are based may be applied , in various ways , to the formation of other institutions for improving tli condition of the operative classes , and for sun plying modes of investment for the savings of persons of limited income , —by freehold land societies , for instance , building . companies , and suburban villages , & c , & C ; alsd by the application of life assurance and the tontine principle to the purchase of freehold land or property at home and in the colonies , and by benefit emi gration societies .

      I must now conclude these rather desultory " Notes , " in which a variety of questions , of daily increasing interest and iinportance , have been incidentally discussed , although Cooperative Association , especially , has been my text . I have briefly touched upon the now rather ticklish , question of wages and profits ; and I can prove that , for centuries , the English legislature has been actively engaged in protecting the interests of the landed aristocracy , at the cost of the

      operative ; and , that while the price of food has been artificially raised by Act of Parliament , the price of labour or wages has been kept down and limited by statute . T 3 ut if the conduct of the aristocracy be obnoxious to severe criticism , the arbitrary principles recently laid down by the Amalgamated Masters , are still more open to attack ; and I venture to tell them , that they are thereby endangering those rights about which they are so clamorous . William Coninxjham . February 7 t 7 i , 1852 .

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      Pilgrimage To Turner's Cottage. [Extract...

      PILGRIMAGE TO TURNER'S COTTAGE . [ Extract from a Letter ^ I met - —— -, the celebrated •' ¦ . . ~ , the other evening He had been a pilgrimage to the cottage where Turner died . He had a sketch of the cottage , and all the particulars lioted down . There was even talk of how much more rent the cottage would now bring , where

      this great artist lived and died ; where he sat , day after day , upon the flat roof which he had railed round , for the purpose of there gazing upon the heavens , and observing the effects of cloud and atmosphere . There , under a feigned name , free from the world , and apart from his reputation , did the great artist worship , and become a prophet in art—the raiser of a new school . For no less than this was accomplished by that strange ,

      eccentric man , whom the neighbours used to observe , day after day , book in hand , upon the roof of his house . Some thought him mad ; others , that he was an astrologer : for few know what is the art of greatness , and that none are so busy as those whom the world thinks idle . Life only can interpret life . Certainly his case is a very singular one : that he should be so grasping and so mean , and yet so glorious Possessing a good house and gallery in Queen Annstreet , ho preferred , in his love of his art , spending most of his time in his observatory , as you might call it ;

      just far enough to get clear of the smoke , and not to lose tho grand effects occasionally produced by it . Turner ' s early works did not exhibit any of the quality which burst forth in his advanced life . His drawing was always careful , but his early works exhibit only a reflex of tho manner and style of tho time . His new stylo was like tho sun bursting out from tho clouds . He rose from careful drawing to tho expression of general efTects . Like Socrates , ho could bring down heaven to earth . Ho mingled cloud and tide , molted tho solids into tho sunlightand his . admirable senso ot

      , colour harmonized tho whole . Ho painted the vnpours , and piled up architecture in his compositions in tho gorgeous magnificence conceived by tho poet , gazing on tho sotting sun , there from hia housetop . It was not tho common earth ho painted , but tho earth soon through tho atmosphere of houveii . Ho supplied tho mind with what it yearns tor—* greater perfection than is to bo found in tho ordinary circumstances , and tho tangible things , of this wor . All perception , after all , is but a kind of painting . J | cultivated tho hoiiho in his contemp lations , and , »/

      inductive and elevating process , completed what « " complete Ho satisfied tho soul by giving an oi « eei » reality to our subjective creations . Wo iinugino ciwu in tho air : wo must feet a Turner , to paint them ; ' > if any ono should object that such creations » ro now naturo , it may bo . enough to reply—as ^ . tirner reply on ono occasion— " but would you not bo "ejifc ¦¦ to hco Naturo like that ? " How different tlio p ^ cociouHnosB of tho mor ' o artist of form . ••)'' . ' , 1 ( , i , Turner was a true poet in bin art . Alas ! tin * » pootic feeling should not elovato tho character to 1 and social poetry ! But Nature is not prodignl or gifts .

  • Citation
    • Leader (1850-1860), March 6, 1852, page 16, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/l/issues/cld_06031852/page/16/